ืจื‘ื™ ืžื ื—ื ืžื ื“ืœ ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจืกื•ืŸ ืžืœื™ื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ: ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื‘ื“ืฃ

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ
ืชื’ื™ืช: ืฉื•ื—ื–ืจื”
(ื”ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื)
ืชื’ื™ืช: ืฉื•ื—ื–ืจื”
ืฉื•ืจื” 4: ืฉื•ืจื” 4:
|ืชืžื•ื ื”=[[ืชืžื•ื ื”:17.jpg|250px]]
|ืชืžื•ื ื”=[[ืชืžื•ื ื”:17.jpg|250px]]
|ื›ื™ืชื•ื‘=ื”ืจื‘ื™
|ื›ื™ืชื•ื‘=ื”ืจื‘ื™
|ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™= ื”ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืฉืจื” ื‘ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆืขื•ื“ ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”
|ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื= ืกื“ืจืช ืœืงื•ื˜ื™ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช (ื›"ื˜ ื›ืจื›ื™ื) ื•ืกื“ืจืช ืื’ืจื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ (ืœ"ื’ ื›ืจื›ื™ื)
|ืชืืจื™ืš ืœื™ื“ื”=ื™"ื ื‘[[ื ื™ืกืŸ]] ืชืจืก"ื‘ ย 
|ืชืืจื™ืš ืœื™ื“ื”=ื™"ื ื‘[[ื ื™ืกืŸ]] ืชืจืก"ื‘ ย 
|ืžืงื•ื ืœื™ื“ื”=ื ื™ืงื•ืœื™ื™ื‘, ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื”. ย 
|ืžืงื•ื ืœื™ื“ื”=ื ื™ืงื•ืœื™ื™ื‘, ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื”. ย 
|ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช=[[ื—ื‘"ื“|ื—ื‘"ื“-ืœื™ื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ]]
|ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช=[[ื—ื‘"ื“|ื—ื‘"ื“-ืœื™ื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ]]
|ืžืงื•ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื=
|ืžืงื•ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื= ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืคืจื–ื™ื“ื ื˜ ืžืกืคืจ 1304 ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืงืจืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืก (ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื“ืจื• ื‘-770).
|ืžืงื•ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช=[[770 - ืžืจื›ื– ื—ื‘"ื“ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™]], ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืงืจืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืก, ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง. ย 
|ืžืงื•ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช=[[770 - ืžืจื›ื– ื—ื‘"ื“ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™]], ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืงืจืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืก, ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง. ย 
|ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืฉืœืช=7
|ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืฉืœืช=7
ืฉื•ืจื” 14: ืฉื•ืจื” 14:
|ื”ื‘ื=
|ื”ื‘ื=
|ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื›ื”ื•ื ื”=ื™' ื‘[[ืฉื‘ื˜]] ืชืฉ"ื™
|ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื›ื”ื•ื ื”=ื™' ื‘[[ืฉื‘ื˜]] ืชืฉ"ื™
|ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•=ืื‘ื™ื•; [[ืจื‘ื™ ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื•ื™ืœื ืงื™ืŸ]]; ื—ืžื™ื•. ย 
|ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•=ืื‘ื™ื• (ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืœื•ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจืกืื”ืŸ), ื—ืžื™ื• (ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ื). ย 
|ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืขืกืง=
|ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืขืกืง= ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืงื™ืจื•ื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื.
|ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•=(ืจืื” ืœืงืžืŸ)
|ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•=(ืจืื” ืœืงืžืŸ)
|ืื‘=[[ืจื‘ื™ ืœื•ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจืกื•ืŸ]]
|ืื‘=[[ืจื‘ื™ ืœื•ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจืกื•ืŸ]]
ืฉื•ืจื” 24: ืฉื•ืจื” 24:
}}
}}


'''ืจื‘ื™ ืžื ื—ื ืžื ื“ืœ ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจืกื•ืŸ''' (ื™"ื ื‘[[ื ื™ืกืŸ]] ื”'ืชืจืก"ื‘ - ื’' [[ืชืžื•ื–]] ื”'ืชืฉื "ื“) ื”ื•ื ื”[[ืื“ืžื•"ืจ]] ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ืื“ืžื•"ืจื™ [[ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘"ื“|ืœื™ื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ]], ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื ืฉื™ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ ืจืžื” ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช ืชืฉื™"ื.
'''ืจื‘ื™ ืžื ื—ื ืžื ื“ืœ ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจืกื•ืŸ''' (ื™"ื ื‘[[ื ื™ืกืŸ]] ื”'ืชืจืก"ื‘ - ื’' [[ืชืžื•ื–]] ื”'ืชืฉื "ื“) ื”ื•ื ื”[[ืื“ืžื•"ืจ]] ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ืื“ืžื•"ืจื™ [[ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘"ื“|ืœื™ื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ]], ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื ืฉื™ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ ืจืžื” ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช ืชืฉื™"ื<ref>ื™"ื ืฉื‘ื˜ ื‘ื• ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื™ื ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ืกืชืœืงื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ื - ื™' ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉ"ื™ - ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœืื“ืžื•"ืจ ื”ืžืžืฉื™ืš.</ref>.


== ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• == ย 
== ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• == ย 
===ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื•===
===ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื•===
ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื™"ื ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ื”'ืชืจืก"ื‘ (1902) ื‘ื ื™ืงื•ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืฉื‘ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื” ืœืื‘ื™ื• [[ืจื‘ื™ ืœื•ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจืกื•ืŸ]], ื“ื•ืจ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ืœ[[ืจื‘ื™ ืžื ื—ื ืžื ื“ืœ ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจืกื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืžื— ืฆื“ืง]], ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืžืœื™ื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ื•ืืžื• ืžืจืช ื—ื ื”, ื‘ืช ื”ืจื‘ ืžืื™ืจ ืฉืœืžื” ื™ื ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ - ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ืงื•ืœื™ื™ื‘. ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื”ื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™. ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื›ื‘ืŸ ืฉื‘ืข ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœืขื™ืจ ื™ืงื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืกืœื‘ (ื›ื™ื•ื- ื“ื ืคืจื•ืคื˜ืจื•ื‘ืกืง ืฉื‘ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื”), ืฉื ื”ืชืžื ื” ืื‘ื™ื• ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจื‘. ื‘ื™ืงื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืกืœื‘ ืœืžื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืืฆืœ [[ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื•ื™ืœื ืงื™ืŸ]], ืฉื ืฉื›ืจ ืœืฉื ื›ืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื‘ื™ื•. ืœืฆื“ ื”ืชืžื“ื” ื•ื”ืขืžืงื” ื‘ืฉ"ืก, ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื•ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื ืกืชืจ, ื’ื™ืœื” ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘[[ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื”]] ื•ืžื“ืขื™ื, ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 16 ื”ื—ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื’ื ืœืžื“ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืœื ื™ื ื’ืจื“. ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืจืค"ื’ ืคื’ืฉ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช [[ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจืกื•ืŸ]] ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ืช ื—ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉืงื, ืืฉืชื• ืœืขืชื™ื“.
ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื™"ื ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ื”'ืชืจืก"ื‘ (1902) ื‘ื ื™ืงื•ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืฉื‘ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื” ืœืื‘ื™ื• [[ืจื‘ื™ ืœื•ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจืกื•ืŸ]], ื“ื•ืจ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ืœ[[ืจื‘ื™ ืžื ื—ื ืžื ื“ืœ ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจืกื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืžื— ืฆื“ืง]], ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืžืœื™ื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ื•ืืžื• ืžืจืช ื—ื ื”, ื‘ืช ื”ืจื‘ ืžืื™ืจ ืฉืœืžื” ื™ื ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ - ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ืงื•ืœื™ื™ื‘. ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื”ื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™. ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื›ื‘ืŸ ืฉื‘ืข ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœืขื™ืจ ื™ืงื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืกืœื‘ (ื›ื™ื•ื- ื“ื ืคืจื•ืคื˜ืจื•ื‘ืกืง ืฉื‘ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื”), ืฉื ื”ืชืžื ื” ืื‘ื™ื• ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจื‘. ื‘ื™ืงื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืกืœื‘ ืœืžื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืืฆืœ [[ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื•ื™ืœื ืงื™ืŸ]], ืฉื ืฉื›ืจ ืœืฉื ื›ืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื‘ื™ื•. ืœืฆื“ ื”ืชืžื“ื” ื•ื”ืขืžืงื” ื‘ืฉ"ืก, ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื•ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื ืกืชืจ, ื’ื™ืœื” ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘[[ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื”]] ื•ืžื“ืขื™ื ื•ืขืกืง ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 16 ื”ื—ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื’ื ืœืžื“ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืœื ื™ื ื’ืจื“. ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืจืค"ื’ ืคื’ืฉ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช [[ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจืกื•ืŸ]] ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ืช ื—ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉืงื, ืืฉืชื• ืœืขืชื™ื“.


===ื—ืชื•ื ืชื•===
===ื—ืชื•ื ืชื•===
ื‘ื™"ื“ ื‘[[ื›ืกืœื•]] ื”'ืชืจืค"ื˜ย  ื ืฉื ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจ [[ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจืกื•ืŸ]] , ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ืช [[ื—ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉืงื ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจืกื•ืŸ (ืืฉืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืžืœื™ื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ)|ื—ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉืงื ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจืกื•ืŸ]]. ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘[[ื•ื•ืจืฉื”]] ืฉื‘[[ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ]] ื•ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื• ืขื‘ืจ ืœื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ, ืฉื ืœืžื“ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”, ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื•[[ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”]] ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”. ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืกืžืš ืœืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ [[ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื™ื ื‘ืจื’]], ื‘ืขืœ "ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืืฉ". ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืจืฆ"ื’ ืขื‘ืจ ืœ[[ืคืจื™ื–]], ืฉื ืœืžื“ ื”ื ื“ืกืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืกื•ืจื‘ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉ"ื ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื—ืžื™ื• ืฉื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืงืจืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืก ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืข ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง. ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘"ื“: ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื "ืงื”"ืช" ("ืงืจื ื™ ื”ื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”"), ื•ืœืคืจื ืกืชื• ืขื‘ื“ ื›ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™, ืขื“ ืฉื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืžืฉืจื‘ืชื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช. ย 
ื‘ื™"ื“ ื‘[[ื›ืกืœื•]] ื”'ืชืจืค"ื˜ย  ื ืฉื ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจ [[ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจืกื•ืŸ]] , ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ืช [[ื—ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉืงื ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจืกื•ืŸ (ืืฉืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืžืœื™ื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ)|ื—ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉืงื ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจืกื•ืŸ]]. ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘[[ื•ื•ืจืฉื”]] ืฉื‘[[ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ]] ื•ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื• ืขื‘ืจ ืœื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ, ืฉื ืœืžื“ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”, ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื•[[ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”]] ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”. ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืกืžืš ืœืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ [[ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื™ื ื‘ืจื’]], ื‘ืขืœ "ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืืฉ". ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืจืฆ"ื’ ืขื‘ืจ ืœ[[ืคืจื™ื–]], ืฉื ืœืžื“ ื”ื ื“ืกืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืกื•ืจื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ื—ืžื™ื• ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ืœื” ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื ืกืชืจ ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืงื™ื“ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉ"ื ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื—ืžื™ื• ืฉื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืงืจืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืก ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืข ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง. ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘"ื“: ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื "ืงื”"ืช" ("ืงืจื ื™ ื”ื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”"), ื•ืœืคืจื ืกืชื• ืขื‘ื“ ื›ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™, ืขื“ ืฉื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืžืฉืจื‘ืชื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช. ย 


===ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช===
===ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช===
ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉ"ื™ (1950) ื ืคื˜ืจ ื—ืžื™ื• ื”ืจื™ื™"ืฆ, ื•ื ืคืœื” ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื: ื—ืชื ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ื™"ืฆ, ืจ' ืฉืžืจื™ื”ื• ื’ื•ืจืืจื™ื” ืื• ื—ืชื ื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ, ืจ' ืžื ื—ื ืžื ื“ืœ. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ืจืฆื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจ' ืžื ื—ื ืžื ื“ืœ, ืื•ืœื ืจืขื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ื™"ืฆ, ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ืช ื ื—ืžื”-ื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจืกื•ืŸ, ืจืฆืชื” ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื’ื•ืจืืจื™ื” ื™ื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืื“ืžื•"ืจ. ื‘ื™' ื‘[[ืฉื‘ื˜]] ืชืฉื™"ื, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืคื˜ื™ืจืช ื”ืจื™ื™"ืฆ ื”ื•ื›ืชืจ ืจ' ืžื ื—ื ืžื ื“ืœ ืœืื“ืžื•"ืจ, ืœืžื•ืจืช ืจื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืžื•ืชื•. ื‘ืฉืœ ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ื” ืœืžื™ื ื•ื™, ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืจ' ืžื ื—ื ืžื ื“ืœ ืืช ื”"ืกืคื•ื“ื™ืง" ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ื™"ืฆ (ืืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœื—ื‘ื•ืฉ ืกืคื•ื“ื™ืง ื•ื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื—ื‘ื•ืฉ ืžื’ื‘ืขืช ืจื’ื™ืœื”). ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉื™"ื“ ืงื‘ืœ ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ ื’ื•ืจืืจื™ื” ืืช ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืกื•, ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘"ื”ืชื•ื•ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช" ืฉืขืจืš. ืžืื‘ืง ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ืœ (ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืชืฉืž"ื”-ืชืฉืž"ื–) ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืจืฉื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื’ื•ืจืืจื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืจ' ืžื ื—ื ืžื ื“ืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืช ืกืคืจื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ื™"ืฆ, ื•ื‘ืกื™ื•ืžื• ื”ื•ื—ื–ืจื• ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืœืžืฉืคื—ืช ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจืกื•ืŸ. ย 
ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉ"ื™ (1950) ื ืคื˜ืจ ื—ืžื™ื• ื”ืจื™ื™"ืฆ, ื‘ื™' ื‘[[ืฉื‘ื˜]] ืชืฉื™"ื, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืคื˜ื™ืจืช ื”ืจื™ื™"ืฆ ื”ื•ื›ืชืจ ืจ' ืžื ื—ื ืžืขื ื“ืœ ืœืื“ืžื•"ืจ. ย 
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ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื• ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ืคืจื™ื—ื” ื•ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘"ื“, ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ืงืช ืขื•ืœื. ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื— "ืฉืœื•ื—ื™ื" ืœืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื”ืคืฆืช ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ืงื™ืจื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช (ืจืื” ืœืงืžืŸ). ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ืกืขื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืชื‘ืจืš ื•ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืขืฆื” ืžืคื™ื•, ืขื“ ืฉืžืคืืช ื”ืขื•ืžืก ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืž"ื ื‘ื•ื˜ืœื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืžื• (ืฉื›ื•ื ื• ื‘ืคื™ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื "ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช"). ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ื ื”ื’ ืœื—ืœืง ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืคืงื“ื• ืืช ืžืขื•ื ื• ืฉื˜ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืื—ื“. ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื•. ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืงื™ื ืขื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ, ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื‘ื™ืงืจื• ื‘ืžืขื•ื ื•<ref>ืจืื” ื‘ืกืคืจ "ืฉื™ื— ืฉืจืคื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉ" ืฉื‘ื• ืœื•ืงื˜ื• ืฉื™ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ืขื ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืื“ืž"ื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื• ืœืžืขื•ื ื•. </ref>. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืคืชื— ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืคืงื•ื“ ืืช ืžืขื•ื ื•, ื‘ื”ื: ื–ืœืžืŸ ืฉื–"ืจ{{ื”ืขืจื”|ืฉื–"ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžืงื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœ ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจ, ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืื• ื”ื—ื‘"ื“ื™. ืจืื” ื‘ืกืคืจ "ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื—ืกื™ื“" ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืงืฉืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื–"ืจ ืขื ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจ.}}, ืžื ื—ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ, ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคืจืก, ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืžืฉื” ืงืฆื‘, ืจื—ื‘ืขื ื–ืื‘ื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื’ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ื‘ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืืช ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื—ืจื™ืคื” ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื™ืื™ื ืฉื‘ืื• ืœื‘ืงืจื•. ย 
ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื• ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ืคืจื™ื—ื” ื•ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘"ื“, ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ืงืช ืขื•ืœื. ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื— "ืฉืœื•ื—ื™ื" ืœืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื”ืคืฆืช ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ืงื™ืจื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช (ืจืื” ืœืงืžืŸ). ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ืกืขื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืชื‘ืจืš ื•ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืขืฆื” ืžืคื™ื•, ืขื“ ืฉืžืคืืช ื”ืขื•ืžืก ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืž"ื ื‘ื•ื˜ืœื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืžื• (ืฉื›ื•ื ื• ื‘ืคื™ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื "ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช"). ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ื ื”ื’ ืœื—ืœืง ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืคืงื“ื• ืืช ืžืขื•ื ื• ืฉื˜ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืื—ื“. ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื•. ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืงื™ื ืขื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ, ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื‘ื™ืงืจื• ื‘ืžืขื•ื ื•<ref>ืจืื” ื‘ืกืคืจ "ืฉื™ื— ืฉืจืคื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉ" ืฉื‘ื• ืœื•ืงื˜ื• ืฉื™ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ืขื ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืื“ืž"ื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื• ืœืžืขื•ื ื•. </ref>. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืคืชื— ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืคืงื•ื“ ืืช ืžืขื•ื ื•, ื‘ื”ื: ื–ืœืžืŸ ืฉื–"ืจ{{ื”ืขืจื”|ืฉื–"ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžืงื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœ ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจ, ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืื• ื”ื—ื‘"ื“ื™. ืจืื” ื‘ืกืคืจ "ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื—ืกื™ื“" ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืงืฉืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื–"ืจ ืขื ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจ.}}, ืžื ื—ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ, ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคืจืก, ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืžืฉื” ืงืฆื‘, ืจื—ื‘ืขื ื–ืื‘ื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื’ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ื‘ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืืช ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื—ืจื™ืคื” ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื™ืื™ื ืฉื‘ืื• ืœื‘ืงืจื•. ย 


ืžืฉื ืช ืชืฉืž"ื• ื”ื—ืœ ืœื—ืœืง ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ("ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื") ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœ"ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื" ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืขืœ ืืฃ ื’ื™ืœื• ื”ืžื•ืคืœื’.
ืžืฉื ืช ืชืฉืž"ื• ื”ื—ืœ ืœื—ืœืง ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืœืฆื“ืงื” ("ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื") ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœ"ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื" ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืขืœ ืืฃ ื’ื™ืœื• ื”ืžื•ืคืœื’.


== ืคื•ืขืœื• ==
== ืคื•ืขืœื• ==
ืฉื•ืจื” 56: ืฉื•ืจื” 55:
ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืžืœื™ื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ "ื”ืชื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช" (ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ื—ื‘"ื“ื™ืช ืœ"ื˜ื™ืฉ" ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™) ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง. ืœื”ืชื•ื•ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื ื”ืจื• ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื’ื™ื. ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื”ืชื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉื ืฉื, ืข"ืค ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื• ื”ืžื•ืขื“, ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘, ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ืฉืจื• ื ื™ื’ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฉืชื• "ืœื—ื™ื™ื". ย 
ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืžืœื™ื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ "ื”ืชื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช" (ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ื—ื‘"ื“ื™ืช ืœ"ื˜ื™ืฉ" ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™) ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง. ืœื”ืชื•ื•ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื ื”ืจื• ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื’ื™ื. ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื”ืชื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉื ืฉื, ืข"ืค ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื• ื”ืžื•ืขื“, ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘, ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ืฉืจื• ื ื™ื’ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฉืชื• "ืœื—ื™ื™ื". ย 
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ืฉื™ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ืืœื• ืชื•ืขื“ื• ื•ื”ื•ื“ืคืกื• ื‘ืงื‘ืฆื™ "ื”ืชื•ื•ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช" (ืœืขืชื™ื ื”ื•ื“ืคืกื• ื”ืชื•ื•ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื ื”ื’ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืœื• ื ื™ื’ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืจื•). ืžืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืืœื• ืœื•ืงื˜ื” ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื "ื”ืชื•ื•ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช - ืชื•ืจืช ืžื ื—ื", ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืขื“ ื›ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื›ืจื›ื™ื, ื›ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ื™, ืœื›ืฉืชืกืชื™ื™ื ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืชื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžืื” ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ื. ย 
ืฉื™ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ืืœื• ืชื•ืขื“ื• ื•ื”ื•ื“ืคืกื• ื‘ืงื‘ืฆื™ "ื”ืชื•ื•ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช" (ืœืขืชื™ื ื”ื•ื“ืคืกื• ื”ืชื•ื•ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื ื”ื’ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืœื• ื ื™ื’ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืจื•). ืžืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืืœื• ืœื•ืงื˜ื” ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื "ื”ืชื•ื•ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช - ืชื•ืจืช ืžื ื—ื", ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืขื“ ื›ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืชืฉืขื™ื ื›ืจื›ื™ื, ื›ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ื™, ืœื›ืฉืชืกืชื™ื™ื ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืชื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžืื” ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ื. ย 
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==ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื›ืœืคื™ื•==
==ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื›ืœืคื™ื•==
ืฉื•ืจื” 67: ืฉื•ืจื” 66:


== ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื• ==
== ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื• ==
ื“ืžื•ืชื• ื”ืกื•ื—ืคืช ื•ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ื• ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืฉื™ื— ื•ื’ืื•ืœื”, ืขื•ืจืจื• ืขืœื™ื• ื’ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช. ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืงื™ืคื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืœืคื™ื• ื‘ืื” ืžืฆื“ื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืœื™ื˜ืื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, [[ื”ืจื‘ ืืœืขื–ืจ ืžื ื—ื ืžืŸ ืฉืš]]. ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืš ืจืื” ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืžืœื™ื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื–ื• ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื‘[[ืกื•ื›ื”]] ย 
ื“ืžื•ืชื• ื”ืกื•ื—ืคืช ื•ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ื• ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืฉื™ื— ื•ื’ืื•ืœื”, ืขื•ืจืจื• ืขืœื™ื• ื’ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช. ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืงื™ืคื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืœืคื™ื• ื‘ืื” ืžืฆื“ื• ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืœื™ื˜ืื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, [[ื”ืจื‘ ืืœืขื–ืจ ืžื ื—ื ืžืŸ ืฉืš]]. ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืš ืจืื” ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืžืœื™ื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื–ื• ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื‘[[ืกื•ื›ื”]] ย 
<ref>ืจืื” [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=15833&st=&pgnum=233 ืฉืขืจื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ืžื ื”ื’ (ืื•"ื— ื—"ื‘ ืื•ืช ืจืกื— ืขืž' ืจืœื—] ื•ืื™ืœืš; ืžื•ื‘ื ื’ื [http://www.col.org.il/show_news.rtx?artID=23840 ื›ืืŸ], ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘[http://video.chabad.info/newvideo/video.php?id=422 ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื• ืœืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื›ื”ื ื].</ref> ื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืœื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช (ืฉืขืœ ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืžืœื™ื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื—ืชื•, ื•ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช<ref>ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื‘' ื“ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืกื•ื›ื•ืช, ื™ื•ื ืฉืžื—ืช ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืชืฉ"ืœ, ืจืื” ืœืงื•ื˜ื™ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ื›"ื˜ ืฉื™ื—ืช ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช (ืขืž' 211).</ref>). ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืจืื” ื‘ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืฉื™ื— ืฉืžื—ื•ื–ืงืช ื‘ื—ื‘"ื“ 'ื›ืคื™ืจื”' ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ื•ืกื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘"ื“ื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื— "ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืžืฉ" ื•ื‘ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ื•ืช, ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืกืชื™ืจื” ืœื ื‘ื•ืืช [[ื—ื‘ืงื•ืง ื”ื ื‘ื™ื|ื—ื‘ืงื•ืง]] {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ื—ื‘ืงื•ืง ื‘ ื’|ื›ืŸ}}: "ืื ื™ืชืžื”ืžื” ื—ื›ื” ืœื•- ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื‘ื•ื ืœื ื™ืื—ืจ"{{ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ}}. ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืš ื’ื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืชืคื™ืกืช ื—ืœืง ืžื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘"ื“ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืœืช ื‘ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื‘"ื“ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืฉืืจ ื”ื–ืจืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ืžื—ื‘"ื“ ืืช ืจืืฉ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.ย  ย 
<ref>ืจืื” [http://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=15833&st=&pgnum=233 ืฉืขืจื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ืžื ื”ื’ (ืื•"ื— ื—"ื‘ ืื•ืช ืจืกื— ืขืž' ืจืœื—] ื•ืื™ืœืš; ืžื•ื‘ื ื’ื [http://www.col.org.il/show_news.rtx?artID=23840 ื›ืืŸ], ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘[http://video.chabad.info/newvideo/video.php?id=422 ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื• ืœืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื›ื”ื ื].</ref> ื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืœื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช (ืฉืขืœ ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืžืœื™ื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื—ืชื•, ื•ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช<ref>ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื‘' ื“ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืกื•ื›ื•ืช, ื™ื•ื ืฉืžื—ืช ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืชืฉ"ืœ, ืจืื” ืœืงื•ื˜ื™ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ื›"ื˜ ืฉื™ื—ืช ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช (ืขืž' 211).</ref>). ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืจืื” ื‘ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืฉื™ื— ืฉืžื—ื•ื–ืงืช ื‘ื—ื‘"ื“ 'ื›ืคื™ืจื”' ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ื•ืกื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘"ื“ื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื— "ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืžืฉ" ื•ื‘ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ื•ืช, ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืกืชื™ืจื” ืœื ื‘ื•ืืช [[ื—ื‘ืงื•ืง ื”ื ื‘ื™ื|ื—ื‘ืงื•ืง]] {{ืžืงื•ืจ|ื—ื‘ืงื•ืง ื‘ ื’|ื›ืŸ}}: "ืื ื™ืชืžื”ืžื” ื—ื›ื” ืœื•- ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื‘ื•ื ืœื ื™ืื—ืจ"{{ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ}}. ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืš ื’ื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืชืคื™ืกืช ื—ืœืง ืžื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘"ื“ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืœืช ื‘ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื‘"ื“ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืฉืืจ ื”ื–ืจืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ืžื—ื‘"ื“ ืืช ืจืืฉ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.ย  ย 


ื’ืจืกื” ืžึพ08:11, 7 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2025
ืจื‘ื™ ืžื ื—ื ืžื ื“ืœ ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจืกื•ืŸ
ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืžืœื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืฅ'
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ื”ืจื‘ื™
ืชืืจื™ืš ืœื™ื“ื” ื™"ื ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืจืก"ื‘
ืžืงื•ื ืœื™ื“ื” ื ื™ืงื•ืœื™ื™ื‘, ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื”.
ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘"ื“-ืœื™ื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ
ืžืงื•ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืคืจื–ื™ื“ื ื˜ ืžืกืคืจ 1304 ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืงืจืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืก (ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื“ืจื• ื‘-770).
ืžืงื•ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช 770 - ืžืจื›ื– ื—ื‘"ื“ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™, ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืงืจืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืก, ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง.
ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืฉืœืช 7
ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจืกื•ืŸ
ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ื™' ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉ"ื™
ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืื‘ื™ื• (ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืœื•ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจืกืื”ืŸ), ื—ืžื™ื• (ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ื).
ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืขืกืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืงื™ืจื•ื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื.
ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื• (ืจืื” ืœืงืžืŸ)
ืื‘ ืจื‘ื™ ืœื•ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจืกื•ืŸ
ืื ื—ื ื”, ื‘ืช ื”ืจื‘ ืžืื™ืจ ืฉืœืžื” ื™ื ื•ื‘ืกืงื™
ื‘ืช ื–ื•ื’ ื—ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉืงื

ืจื‘ื™ ืžื ื—ื ืžื ื“ืœ ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจืกื•ืŸ (ื™"ื ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ื”'ืชืจืก"ื‘ - ื’' ืชืžื•ื– ื”'ืชืฉื "ื“) ื”ื•ื ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ืื“ืžื•"ืจื™ ืœื™ื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื ืฉื™ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ ืจืžื” ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช ืชืฉื™"ื[1].

ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื•

ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื•

ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื™"ื ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ื”'ืชืจืก"ื‘ (1902) ื‘ื ื™ืงื•ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืฉื‘ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื” ืœืื‘ื™ื• ืจื‘ื™ ืœื•ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจืกื•ืŸ, ื“ื•ืจ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ืœืจื‘ื™ ืžื ื—ื ืžื ื“ืœ ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจืกื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืžื— ืฆื“ืง, ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืžืœื™ื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ื•ืืžื• ืžืจืช ื—ื ื”, ื‘ืช ื”ืจื‘ ืžืื™ืจ ืฉืœืžื” ื™ื ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ - ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ืงื•ืœื™ื™ื‘. ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื”ื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™. ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื›ื‘ืŸ ืฉื‘ืข ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœืขื™ืจ ื™ืงื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืกืœื‘ (ื›ื™ื•ื- ื“ื ืคืจื•ืคื˜ืจื•ื‘ืกืง ืฉื‘ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื”), ืฉื ื”ืชืžื ื” ืื‘ื™ื• ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจื‘. ื‘ื™ืงื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืกืœื‘ ืœืžื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืืฆืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื•ื™ืœื ืงื™ืŸ, ืฉื ืฉื›ืจ ืœืฉื ื›ืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื‘ื™ื•. ืœืฆื“ ื”ืชืžื“ื” ื•ื”ืขืžืงื” ื‘ืฉ"ืก, ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื•ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื ืกืชืจ, ื’ื™ืœื” ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื•ืžื“ืขื™ื ื•ืขืกืง ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 16 ื”ื—ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื’ื ืœืžื“ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืœื ื™ื ื’ืจื“. ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืจืค"ื’ ืคื’ืฉ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจืกื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ืช ื—ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉืงื, ืืฉืชื• ืœืขืชื™ื“.

ื—ืชื•ื ืชื•

ื‘ื™"ื“ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ื”'ืชืจืค"ื˜ ื ืฉื ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจืกื•ืŸ , ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ืช ื—ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉืงื ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจืกื•ืŸ. ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื•ื•ืจืฉื” ืฉื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื• ืขื‘ืจ ืœื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ, ืฉื ืœืžื“ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”, ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”. ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืกืžืš ืœืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื™ื ื‘ืจื’, ื‘ืขืœ "ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืืฉ". ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืจืฆ"ื’ ืขื‘ืจ ืœืคืจื™ื–, ืฉื ืœืžื“ ื”ื ื“ืกืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืกื•ืจื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ื—ืžื™ื• ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ืœื” ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื ืกืชืจ ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืงื™ื“ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉ"ื ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื—ืžื™ื• ืฉื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืงืจืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืก ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืข ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง. ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘"ื“: ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื "ืงื”"ืช" ("ืงืจื ื™ ื”ื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”"), ื•ืœืคืจื ืกืชื• ืขื‘ื“ ื›ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™, ืขื“ ืฉื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืžืฉืจื‘ืชื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช.

ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช

ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉ"ื™ (1950) ื ืคื˜ืจ ื—ืžื™ื• ื”ืจื™ื™"ืฆ, ื‘ื™' ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉื™"ื, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืคื˜ื™ืจืช ื”ืจื™ื™"ืฆ ื”ื•ื›ืชืจ ืจ' ืžื ื—ื ืžืขื ื“ืœ ืœืื“ืžื•"ืจ. ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื• ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ืคืจื™ื—ื” ื•ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘"ื“, ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ืงืช ืขื•ืœื. ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื— "ืฉืœื•ื—ื™ื" ืœืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื”ืคืฆืช ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ืงื™ืจื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช (ืจืื” ืœืงืžืŸ). ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ืกืขื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืชื‘ืจืš ื•ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืขืฆื” ืžืคื™ื•, ืขื“ ืฉืžืคืืช ื”ืขื•ืžืก ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืž"ื ื‘ื•ื˜ืœื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืžื• (ืฉื›ื•ื ื• ื‘ืคื™ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื "ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช"). ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ื ื”ื’ ืœื—ืœืง ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืคืงื“ื• ืืช ืžืขื•ื ื• ืฉื˜ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืื—ื“. ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื•. ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืงื™ื ืขื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ, ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื‘ื™ืงืจื• ื‘ืžืขื•ื ื•[2]. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืคืชื— ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืคืงื•ื“ ืืช ืžืขื•ื ื•, ื‘ื”ื: ื–ืœืžืŸ ืฉื–"ืจ‏[3], ืžื ื—ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ, ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคืจืก, ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืžืฉื” ืงืฆื‘, ืจื—ื‘ืขื ื–ืื‘ื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื’ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ื‘ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืืช ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื—ืจื™ืคื” ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื™ืื™ื ืฉื‘ืื• ืœื‘ืงืจื•.

ืžืฉื ืช ืชืฉืž"ื• ื”ื—ืœ ืœื—ืœืง ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืœืฆื“ืงื” ("ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื") ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœ"ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื" ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืขืœ ืืฃ ื’ื™ืœื• ื”ืžื•ืคืœื’.

ืคื•ืขืœื•

ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื

ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื• ื™ื™ืกื“ ื•ื‘ื™ืกืก ืืช ืžืคืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘"ื“, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื• ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘"ื“ ืœืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืœื™ื™ืกื“ "ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื‘"ื“" ืœื”ืคืฆืช ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ืื—ื“ ืžืžืคืขืœื™ ื”ืงื™ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื, ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืื—ื“ ืžืกืžืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื—ื‘"ื“. ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ืจืฉืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื” ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื, ื”ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื ื•ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื.

ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื™ื–ื "ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื" ืฉื•ื ื™ื- ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ, ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืžื–ื•ื–ื”, ืžื‘ืฆืข ื ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื›ื“', ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื• ื™ืฆืื• ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื• ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื.

ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš

ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืขื ืคื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื”ื›ืจื” ืืฃ ืžืฆื“ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™, ืฉื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• (ื™"ื ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ) ื›"ื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš", ืœืชื’ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื• ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืืช "ืžื“ืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก", ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืชโ€โ€.

ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ื™ื•ืžื™

ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ - ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ื™ื•ืžื™

ื™ื–ื ืืช ืžืคืขืœ "ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ื™ื•ืžื™", ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืืช ืกืคืจื™ "ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”" ืื• "ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช" ืœืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™, ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจืžื” ืœื”ืงื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืกื›ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื”.

ื”ืชื•ื•ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื•

ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืžืœื™ื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ "ื”ืชื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช" (ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ื—ื‘"ื“ื™ืช ืœ"ื˜ื™ืฉ" ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™) ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง. ืœื”ืชื•ื•ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื ื”ืจื• ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื’ื™ื. ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื”ืชื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉื ืฉื, ืข"ืค ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื• ื”ืžื•ืขื“, ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘, ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ืฉืจื• ื ื™ื’ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฉืชื• "ืœื—ื™ื™ื".

ืฉื™ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ืืœื• ืชื•ืขื“ื• ื•ื”ื•ื“ืคืกื• ื‘ืงื‘ืฆื™ "ื”ืชื•ื•ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช" (ืœืขืชื™ื ื”ื•ื“ืคืกื• ื”ืชื•ื•ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื ื”ื’ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืœื• ื ื™ื’ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืจื•). ืžืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืืœื• ืœื•ืงื˜ื” ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื "ื”ืชื•ื•ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช - ืชื•ืจืช ืžื ื—ื", ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืขื“ ื›ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืชืฉืขื™ื ื›ืจื›ื™ื, ื›ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ื™, ืœื›ืฉืชืกืชื™ื™ื ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืชื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžืื” ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ื.

ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื›ืœืคื™ื•

ื—ื•ืชื ื• ื”ืจื™ื™"ืฆ ื”ืขื™ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘"ื“, ื›ื™ ื—ืชื ื• "ื‘ืงื™ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื•ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™, ืจื™"ืฃ ืจื"ืฉ ื•ืจืžื‘"ื, ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืจืš ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื—ืฆื•ืช ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ืงื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”"ืœืงื•ื˜ื™ ืชื•ืจื”" ืขื ื”ืขื™ื™ืŸ'ืก" (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ: ืกืคืจ "ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ ืชื•ืจื”" ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืžืœืื“ื™, ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื‘ืกืคืจ ื›"ืขื™ื™ืŸ...") ‏[4]

ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื‘ื•ื—ืฆื™ืจื ื”ืขืจื™ืš ืžืื“ ืืช ื’ื“ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืžืœื™ื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ื•ื›ืฉื ืฉืืœ ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘"ื“ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืจื‘ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื—, ืขื ื” ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช: "ืจืื•ื™ ืœื•!"[5]. ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืž"ื’ ืคืจืกื, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื›ื“ื•ืจื™, ื›ืจื•ื–, ื‘ื• ื”ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืจื‘ื™ ืžืœื™ื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ "ืžื•ืคืช ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื’ืื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉื•".

ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืจ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจื•ื‘ (ืจื‘ ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืงื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื) ื›ืชื‘โ€โ€[6] "ื‘ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื™ ืฉืฉืžืขืชื™ ืžืกื‘ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจื•ื‘ ื–ืฆ"ืœ, ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ, "ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื ืฉื‘ืงื™ ื‘ืฉ"ืก ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืืจื™ื–"ืœ ื‘ืขืœ ืคื”", ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™. ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื•ื“ืข ืฉืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืคืืจ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืงื™ืจื‘ ืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืœ ื›ื ืคื™ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื”, ืฆื“ืงืช ื”' ืขืฉื” ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื• ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืžืขื•ื•ืŸ. ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื™ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ". ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ื›ืชื‘[7]: "ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉื™"ื“ ื ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืขื ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืœืฉื ื•ืชื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื’ืจ"ื— ืงืจื™ื™ื–ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ ื”ื’ืื‘"ื“ ื“ืื ื˜ื•ื•ืจืคืŸ, ืฉืืžืจ ืœื™ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื: "ืื ื™ ื‘ื™ืงืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ืžืœื™ื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื, ื•ื”ื ื ื™ ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืฉ"ืก ืฉื ืขืœื ืžืžื ื• ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื“ืจืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื•ืชื•". ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื—ื™ื” ื”ืœื•ื™ ืกื’ืœ, ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœื•ื, ืืžืจ: "ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืคื™ื ื•ืžื™ื ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื• ื•ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื• ื”ื ื“ื™ืจ ื•ืžื•ื—ื• ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ, ื”ืจื™ืžื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื“ืจื’ื ืขื™ืœืื™ืช, ืฉืงื ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืงืคื™ ืžื›ืžื ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื‘ื ื’ืœื” ื•ื‘ื ืกืชืจ, ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื”ืฉื•"ืข, ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืืจ"ื™ ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื, ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื•"ืช". ืœืฉืืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื•ืงืฉืจื™ื• ืขื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืจืื” ื‘ื’' ื›ืจื›ื™ ืกืคืจ ืฉืžืŸ ืฉืฉื•ืŸ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ืš.

ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื•

ื“ืžื•ืชื• ื”ืกื•ื—ืคืช ื•ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ื• ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืฉื™ื— ื•ื’ืื•ืœื”, ืขื•ืจืจื• ืขืœื™ื• ื’ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช. ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืงื™ืคื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืœืคื™ื• ื‘ืื” ืžืฆื“ื• ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืœื™ื˜ืื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืจื‘ ืืœืขื–ืจ ืžื ื—ื ืžืŸ ืฉืš. ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืš ืจืื” ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืžืœื™ื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื–ื• ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื›ื” [8] ื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืœื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช (ืฉืขืœ ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืžืœื™ื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื—ืชื•, ื•ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช[9]). ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืจืื” ื‘ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืฉื™ื— ืฉืžื—ื•ื–ืงืช ื‘ื—ื‘"ื“ 'ื›ืคื™ืจื”' ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ื•ืกื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘"ื“ื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื— "ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืžืฉ" ื•ื‘ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ื•ืช, ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืกืชื™ืจื” ืœื ื‘ื•ืืช ื—ื‘ืงื•ืง (ื—ื‘ืงื•ืง ื‘ ื’): "ืื ื™ืชืžื”ืžื” ื—ื›ื” ืœื•- ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื‘ื•ื ืœื ื™ืื—ืจ"(ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ). ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืš ื’ื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืชืคื™ืกืช ื—ืœืง ืžื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘"ื“ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืœืช ื‘ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื‘"ื“ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืฉืืจ ื”ื–ืจืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ืžื—ื‘"ื“ ืืช ืจืืฉ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ืขื ืคื˜ื™ืจืช ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืš, ื ื—ืœืฉ ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืคื•ืžื‘ื™[10], ืืš ืžืฉืงืขื™ื• ื ื•ืชืจื• ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื.

ืœืขื•ืžืชื• ืืžืจ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” "ื•ืชื—ื–ื™ื ื” ืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื•ื‘ืš ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื—ืžื™ื" ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ืžืฆืžื™ื— ืงืจืŸ ื™ืฉื•ืขื” "ืืช ืฆืžื— ื“ื•ื“ ืขื‘ื“ืš ืžื”ืจื” ืชืฆืžื™ื— ื•ืงืจื ื• ืชืจื•ื ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืขืชืš" ื•ืฉื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื™"ื’ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื ืฉืงื‘ืข ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื’ืื•ืœื”, ืžืชื•ืžืฆืช ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื "ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื™ืชืžื”ืžื” ืื—ื›ื” ืœื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื"‏[11])

ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•

ืคืจืง ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ื—ืกืจ. ืืชื ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœืชืจื•ื ืœื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืื•ืชื•. ืจืื• ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื‘ื“ืฃ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื”.

ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืขืจืš ื‘ืขืฆืžื•

ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ื”

  • ืœืงื•ื˜ื™ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช - ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ ืžืชื•ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื”ืฉืžื™ืข ื‘ื”ืชื•ื•ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืจืš ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื. ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ื›ืœื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ืจืฉ"ื™ ืœืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื”, ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ืœืžื“ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืจืฉื”, ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื•ื’ื”ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ืžื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื•ื ืงื‘ืฆื• ืœืกื“ืจื” ื‘ืช ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื›ืจื›ื™ื.
  • ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ืžืœื•ืงื˜ - ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ ืฉืœ "ืžืืžืจื™-ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช" (ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช) ืฉื”ืฉืžื™ืข ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื ืืœื• ืžืจื•ื›ื–ื™ื ืจืง ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื’ื”ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื• (ืžืื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื•ื’ื”ื• ืžืจื•ื›ื–ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื "ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื"). ืกื“ืจื” ื–ื• ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืฉื” ื›ืจื›ื™ื (ื—"ื; ื—"ื‘; ื—"ื’; ื—"ื“).
  • ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก ืขื ื™ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช - ื‘ืื•ืจ ืžื”ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืื—ืจื™ื (ื—ืœืง ื”"ืคืฉื˜", ื”"ืจืžื–" ื”"ื“ืจื•ืฉ" ื•ื”"ืกื•ื“").

ื™ืชืจ ืกืคืจื™ื•

  • ืกื“ืจืช "ืชื•ืจืช ืžื ื—ื - ื”ืชื•ื•ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช" - ืฉื™ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ืขื‘ืจื• ื”ื’ื”ื” ืฉืœื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื“ืคืกืชืŸ. ืกื“ืจื” ื–ื• ืขืจื•ื›ื” ืœืคื™ ืกื“ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืืžืจื. ืกื“ืจื” ื–ื• ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืื—ื“ ื›ืจื›ื™ื, ื•ืžืชืขืชื“ืช ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ื›ืžืื” ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืจื›ื™ื, ืขื ื”ืฉืœืžืช ืขืจื™ื›ืชื”.
  • ืชื•ืจืช ืžื ื—ื - ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื - ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืืžืจื™ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืชืฉื™"ื-ืชืฉืž"ื—. ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ื”ื”ืชื•ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช. ืกื“ืจื” ื–ื• ื›ื•ืœืœืช 37 ื›ืจื›ื™ื.
  • ืื’ืจื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ - ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืชืจืฆ"ื˜ (ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื˜ืจื ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืื“ืžื•"ืจ) - ืชืฉืœ"ื—. ื‘ืื’ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื•ืช ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืขืฆื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื ื’ืœื” ื•ื”ื ืกืชืจ, ื•ืขื•ื“. ืขื“ ื›ื”, ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื”ืกื“ืจื” 33 ื›ืจื›ื™ื.
  • ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื - ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื‘ืื’ื“ื” ืฉืคืจืกื ื‘ื‘ื˜ืื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘"ื“ื™ "ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืœื™ื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ" ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืชืฉ"ื—-ืชืฉ"ื˜.
  • ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืœื›ื•ืช - ืฉื™ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”'ืชืฉื "ื ื•ื”'ืชืฉื "ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื ื™ ื’ืื•ืœื” ื•ืžืฉื™ื— ื•ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจื ื• ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”.
ื”ืงื•ื“ื:
ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจืกื•ืŸ 		ืื“ืžื•"ืจื™ ื—ื‘"ื“ ื”ื‘ื:
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ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช

  • ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื‘ืจื ื•ื‘ืจ, ื ื‘ื™ื ืžืงืจื‘ืš - ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืžืœื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืฅ', ืž.ืž.ืฉ ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ, 2007.
  • ื“"ืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืงืจืื•ืก, "ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ - ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘"ื“" - ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืžืœื™ื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื—ื‘"ื“.
  • ืžื ื—ื ืžืขื ื“ืœ ื‘ืจื•ื ืคืžืŸ, ืืœื™ื”ื• ืงื™ืจืฉื ื‘ืื•ื ื•ืžืฉื” ืฉื™ืœืช (ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื), ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™, ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืชื™ืš, ื›ืกืœื™ื• ืชืฉืข"ื“
  • ื”ืจื‘ื™ - ืžื‘ื˜ ืื™ืฉื™, "ืžื” ืกื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™, ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื–ื•.. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฆื ื•ืข ืœื“ืจืš ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™", ื™"ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘"ื“ ื•ื™ืกืงื•ื ืกื™ืŸ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื—ื‘"ื“, 2008.

ึธึธ* ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ื”ืจืจื™, ืกื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืชืฉืข"ื’

  • ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืจื•ื“ืจืžืŸ, ื—ื“ ื‘ื“ืจื, ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ืคืจืงื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ืžืœื™ื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืชื•ืจืช ื—ื‘"ื“ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉืข"ื•

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื

ืื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื•

ื•ื™ื“ืื•

ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช

ืกืคืจื™ื•


ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื

  1. โ†‘ ื™"ื ืฉื‘ื˜ ื‘ื• ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื™ื ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ืกืชืœืงื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ื - ื™' ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉ"ื™ - ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœืื“ืžื•"ืจ ื”ืžืžืฉื™ืš.
  2. โ†‘ ืจืื” ื‘ืกืคืจ "ืฉื™ื— ืฉืจืคื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉ" ืฉื‘ื• ืœื•ืงื˜ื• ืฉื™ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ืขื ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืื“ืž"ื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื• ืœืžืขื•ื ื•.
  3. โ†‘ ืฉื–"ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžืงื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœ ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจ, ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืื• ื”ื—ื‘"ื“ื™. ืจืื” ื‘ืกืคืจ "ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื—ืกื™ื“" ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืงืฉืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื–"ืจ ืขื ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจ.
  4. โ†‘ ื™ืžื™ ืžืœืš, ื—ืœืง ื, ืขืž', ืขืž' 536
  5. โ†‘ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœื•ื ื“ื•ื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืœืคื, "ืฉืžืŸ ืฉืฉื•ืŸ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ืš" ืขืจืš: ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื‘ื•ื—ืฆื™ืจื; ืฉืœืžื” ื•ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ, "ืจืื•ื™ ืœื•!" ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉื™ื— ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ 909
  6. โ†‘ "ื“ื‘ืจ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ" ืขืžื•ื“ ืจืข"ื•.
  7. โ†‘ ืกืคืจ "ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืจื—ืžื™ื" ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืืžืจ
  8. โ†‘ ืจืื” ืฉืขืจื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ืžื ื”ื’ (ืื•"ื— ื—"ื‘ ืื•ืช ืจืกื— ืขืž' ืจืœื— ื•ืื™ืœืš; ืžื•ื‘ื ื’ื ื›ืืŸ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื• ืœืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื›ื”ื ื.
  9. โ†‘ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื‘' ื“ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืกื•ื›ื•ืช, ื™ื•ื ืฉืžื—ืช ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืชืฉ"ืœ, ืจืื” ืœืงื•ื˜ื™ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ื›"ื˜ ืฉื™ื—ืช ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช (ืขืž' 211).
  10. โ†‘ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืชื‘ื˜ื - ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ - ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ ('ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจ' ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืžืœื™ื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ) ืœืจื‘ื ื™ื ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืœื™ื˜ืื™, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืงื ื™ื‘ืกืงื™, ื”ืจื‘ ืื”ืจืŸ ืœื™ื‘ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืŸ (ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ืžื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื”), ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื“ื•ื‘ ืคื•ื‘ืจืกืงื™ ื•ืขื•ื“.
  11. โ†‘ ื™"ื’ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื. ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžืชืžืฆืช ืืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืขืจืš ืขืœ ื™"ื’ ืขื™ืงืจื™ื
ืื•ื—ื–ืจ ืžืชื•ืš "https://www.yeshiva.org.il/wiki/index.php?title=ืจื‘ื™_ืžื ื—ื_ืžื ื“ืœ_ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจืกื•ืŸ_ืžืœื™ื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ&oldid=161752"