ืื”ื‘ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ

ืื”ื‘ืช ืืจืฅ ื—ืžื“ื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืื”ื‘ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืื”ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื, ืื”ื‘ืช ื”', ืื”ื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžื—ืžืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ื ืงืจืืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืืจืฅ ื—ืžื“ื”.

ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžืขืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ (ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ืœืฉื‘ืช), ืืœื ื—ืœืง ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ - ืœื“ื‘ื•ืง "ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ืช" ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืชื ื” ื”ื ืคืœืื” ืฉื ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ื‘ื•ืจื ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื” ื•ืœื—ื‘ื‘ื”.

ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื•ื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

  • ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื[1] ื ืืžืจ "ื›ึดึผื™ ืจึธืฆื•ึผ ืขึฒื‘ึธื“ึถื™ืšึธ ืึถืช ืึฒื‘ึธื ึถื™ื”ึธ ื•ึฐืึถืช ืขึฒืคึธืจึธื”ึผ ื™ึฐื—ึนื ึตื ื•ึผ". ืœืžื“ื ื• ืžื›ืืŸ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื[2]: ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื—ื‘ื‘ ืืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื‘ื ืืœื™ื” ืžืืคืกื™ ืืจืฅ ื‘ืชืฉื•ืงื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื›ื‘ืŸ ืืœ ื—ื™ืง ืืžื•.
  • ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื•, ื˜): "ื•ืœื ืชืกื‘ ื ื—ืœื” ืžืžื˜ื” ืœืžื˜ื” ืื—ืจ ื›ื™ ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื ื—ืœืชื• ื™ื“ื‘ืงื• ืžื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ". ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื™ื“ื‘ืงื• ื‘ื ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื‘ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ, ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ "ื•ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ืืฉืชื•" ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื•  "ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ืช"[3].
  • ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืฉื‘ื—ืช ื•ืžื—ื‘ื‘ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื ื• ืืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘: "ื›ึดึผื™ ื™ึฐื™ึธ ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ืžึฐื‘ึดื™ืึฒืšึธ ืึถืœ ืึถืจึถืฅ ื˜ื•ึนื‘ึธื” ืึถืจึถืฅ ื ึทื—ึฒืœึตื™ ืžึธื™ึดื ืขึฒื™ึธื ึนืช ื•ึผืชึฐื”ึนืžึนืช ื™ึนืฆึฐืึดื™ื ื‘ึทึผื‘ึดึผืงึฐืขึธื” ื•ึผื‘ึธื”ึธืจ: ืึถืจึถืฅ ื—ึดื˜ึธึผื” ื•ึผืฉึฐื‚ืขึนืจึธื” ื•ึฐื’ึถืคึถืŸ ื•ึผืชึฐืึตื ึธื” ื•ึฐืจึดืžึผื•ึนืŸ ืึถืจึถืฅ ื–ึตื™ืช ืฉึถืืžึถืŸ ื•ึผื“ึฐื‘ึธืฉื: ืึถืจึถืฅ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืœึนื ื‘ึฐืžึดืกึฐื›ึตึผื ึปืช ืชึนึผืื›ึทืœ ื‘ึธึผื”ึผ ืœึถื—ึถื ืœึนื ืชึถื—ึฐืกึทืจ ื›ึนึผืœ ื‘ึธึผื”ึผ ืึถืจึถืฅ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืึฒื‘ึธื ึถื™ื”ึธ ื‘ึทืจึฐื–ึถืœ ื•ึผืžึตื”ึฒืจึธืจึถื™ื”ึธ ืชึทึผื—ึฐืฆึนื‘ ื ึฐื—ึนืฉึถืืช: ื•ึฐืึธื›ึทืœึฐืชึธึผ ื•ึฐืฉึธื‚ื‘ึธืขึฐืชึธึผ ื•ึผื‘ึตืจึทื›ึฐืชึธึผ ืึถืช ื™ึฐื™ึธ ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ืขึทืœ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื”ึทื˜ึนึผื‘ึธื” ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื ึธืชึทืŸ ืœึธืšึฐ" (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืจืง ื—): ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืžื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื, ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžื—ื ื›ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”' ืขืœื™ื”[4].
  • ื—ืžืฉื” ื‘ื ื•ืช ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื, ื•ื–ื›ื• ืœื™ืชืจ ืคืจืฉืช ื ื—ืœื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื–ื›ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื ื“ื™ืจ ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ "ื›ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฆืคืœื—ื“ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช". ื‘ืžื” ื–ื›ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ? ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืขืœืชืŸ? ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื—ื–"ืœ: "ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ืœืœืžื“ื ื• ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืืจืฅ[5].

ื’ื“ืจ ืื”ื‘ื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ื›ื•ื–ืจื™[6] ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœื ืกืชื ืื”ื‘ื” ืืœื ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื›ื•ืกืฃ, ื•ื–''ืœ: "ื•ื‘ื”ืขืจืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืชื ืืœ ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ, ื™ื ื—ืฅ ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืœ, ืฉื›ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื’ืžื•ืœ ืจื‘, ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืืžืจ: ืืชื” ืชืงื•ื ืชืจื—ื ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ืขืช ืœื—ื ื ื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื ืžื•ืขื“, ื›ื™ ืจืฆื• ืขื‘ื“ื™ืš ืืช ืื‘ื ื™ื” ื•ืืช ืขืคืจื” ื™ื—ื•ื ื ื•, ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืืžื ื ืชื‘ื ื” ื›ืฉื™ื›ืกืคื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื” ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื›ื•ืกืฃ ืขื“ ืฉื™ื—ื•ื ื ื• ืื‘ื ื™ื” ื•ืขืคืจื”".

ื‘ืกืคืจ ืชื ื™ื ืื’ืจืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื›ืชื‘ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ื‘ืช ืืจืฆื ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืขืจืช ื›ืจืฉืคื™ ืืฉ ืžืงืจื‘ ืื™ืฉ ื•ืœื‘ ืขืžื•ืง.

ืžื”ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืื”ื‘ื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ืžืฉืš ื—ื›ืžื” ื›ืชื‘[7] ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืื™ื ื” ืื”ื‘ืช ืžื•ืœื“ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืื”ื‘ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืืช ืืจืฅ ืžื•ืœื“ืชื• ื•ื™ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ื™ืจืช ืืจืฆื• ืคืืจื™ื– ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืจื’ืฉ ืœืื•ืžื™, ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื ืขื ืฃ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืื”ื‘ืช ื”', ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”' ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื• ื•ืžืฉื›ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”', ื•ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื‘ื—ืจ ื”' ืœื“ื™ืจืชื• ื›ื›ืชื•ื‘ "ื›ึดึผื™ ื‘ึธื—ึทืจ ื™ึฐื™ึธ ื‘ึฐึผืฆึดื™ึผื•ึนืŸ ืึดื•ึธึผื”ึผ ืœึฐืžื•ึนืฉึธืื‘ ืœื•ึน"[8].

ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืื”ื‘ื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื (ืคืจืง ืงื•, ื›ื“) ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉืฉื•ืจืฉ ื—ื˜ื ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื–ื” ืฉืžืืกื• ื‘ืืจืฅ, "ื•ึทื™ึดึผืžึฐืึฒืกื•ึผ ื‘ึฐึผืึถืจึถืฅ ื—ึถืžึฐื“ึธึผื” ืœึนื ื”ึถืึฑืžึดื™ื ื•ึผ ืœึดื“ึฐื‘ึธืจื•ึน". ื•ืืข''ืค ืฉืคื—ื“ื• ืžื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• "ืœืžื” ื”' ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื–ืืช ืœื ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื—ืจื‘ ื ืฉื™ื ื• ื•ื˜ืคื™ื ื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื‘ื–", ืื ื”ื™ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืคื—ื“ื™ื[9].

ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ืชื’ื™ืข ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื˜ื, ืฉื™ืื”ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ. ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืจื‘ื™ ืžืฉื” ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืืœื™ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืชื”ืœื™ื (ืฉื) ื•ื–"ืœ: "ื•ื™ืžืืกื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื—ืžื“ื”. ื”ื ื” ื”ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืžื•ืจ ืœืคื ื™ื• ื™ืช', ืœืคื™ ืฉืคื’ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืืžื•ื ื”. ืขื“ ืฉืžืžื ื• ื ืžืฉื›ื” ื”ื’ื–ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื›ื™ืจื• ื•ื™ื“ืขื• ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืจืฅ ื›ืืจืฆื, ื•ืœื ื™ืชื•ืงืŸ ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืžืื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช, ืขื“ ืฉื”ื‘ื ื™ื ื™ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœื—ืฉื•ืง ื‘ื” ื‘ื—ืฉืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื›ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืืžืจ: ืืชื” ืชืงื•ื ืชืจื—ื ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ืขืช ืœื—ื ื ื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื ืžื•ืขื“ โ€“ ื›ื™ ืจืฆื• ืขื‘ื“ื™ืš ืืช ืื‘ื ื™ื” ื•ืืช ืขืคืจื” ื™ื—ื•ื ื ื•, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ื”ื ื‘ื”ื ืชืœื™ื, ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ื ืขืช ื—ื ื™ื ื” ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ืขื“ ืฉื‘ื ื™ื” ื™ื—ืžื“ื•ื” ื‘ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื—ืžื“ื” ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื”". ืขื›"ืœ.

ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ "ื˜ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ": "ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื–ื•, ืœื—ื‘ื‘ ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืœืš ืžืœื›ื™ ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ื”ืงื‘''ื” ื—ืคืฅ ื‘ื™ืงืจื”, ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืื•ืชื” ืชืžื™ื“, ื•ืขื™ื ื™ ื”' ืืœืงื™ืš ื‘ื”. ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื” ื ื‘ื•ื ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืืœ ื”ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื•ืืœ ื”ื ื—ืœื”, ื•ื™ืฉืœื— ืœื ื• ื’ื•ืืœ ืžืฉื™ื—ื• ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืืžืŸ".

ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

  • ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื”,ื™): "ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื ืฉืงื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžื ืฉืงื™ืŸ ืื‘ื ื™ื” ื•ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืคืจื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ืจืฆื• ืขื‘ื“ื™ืš ืืช ืื‘ื ื™ื” ื•ืืช ืขืคืจื” ื™ื—ื•ื ื ื•". ืžื“ื•ืข ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืฉืœื• ื•ื›ื™ ืื™ื–ื• ื”ืœื›ื” ืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžื›ืš ืฉื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื™ืฉืงื• ืœืขืคืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื—ื™ื‘ืงื• ืืช ืื‘ื ื™ื”? ืืœื ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžื”ืœื›ื” ื–ื•, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ืขืจื›ื” ื•ืฉื‘ื—ื”, ืืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื’ื ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืืช ืืจืฆื ื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื”[10].
  • ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืกืคืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื—ื” ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื” ื™ืขื•ืจืจ ืื”ื‘ืชื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ ื›ืžื• ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืจืฉื‘''ื™: "ื•ื”ืœื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืง"ื• ืื [ืกื ื—ืจื™ื‘] ืฉื‘ื ืœืกืคืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื— ืืจืฆื• ื•ืœื ืกืคืจ ื‘ื’ื ื•ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืš, ืง"ื• ืœืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื—ื”"[11]. ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื—ื˜ื ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”' ืขืœ ื”ืžืชื ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื ื—ื™ืœ ืœืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื•ืœื ื•. ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ื“ื•ืจื ื• ืฉื‘ื—ืกื“ื™ ื”' ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื–ื›ื• ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ, ืœื”ืงื™ื ื‘ื” ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ื”, ืžื” ืฉืœื ื–ื›ื• ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื ื•. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื›ืคื•ืœื” ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืืช ื ื•ืคื™ื”, ืœืงืฉื˜ื” ื‘ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืคืจื—ื™ื, ืœื ืงื•ืชื” ืžืคืกื•ืœืช, ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื”, ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื™ื ื ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ื ืื™ื, ื•ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื•ื›ืœื‘ ืฉื›ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืขืžื“ื• ื•ืืžืจื• "ื˜ื•ึนื‘ึธื” ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืžึฐืึนื“ ืžึฐืึนื“"[12].
  • ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉื™ืชื—ื“ืฉ ืœืื“ื ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื” ืฉืžื—ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ื— ื•ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืืช ืืจืฅ ื—ืžื“ื”[13]. ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ืžืขื™ืŸ ื’' ืื ื• ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืืจืฅ ื—ืžื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืจืฆื™ืช ื•ื”ื ื—ืœืช ืœืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืคืจื™ื” ื•ืœืฉื‘ื•ืข ืžื˜ื•ื‘ื”[14].

ื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

  • ื”ื’ืžืจื[15] ืžืกืคืจืช ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื ื™ื ื ืžืชืงื• ืžืชืงืœื™ื” ืคื™ืจืฉ ืจืฉ"ื™ ืžืฉื•ื” ื•ืžืชืงืŸ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžื—ืžืช ื—ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืžื—ื–ืจ ืฉืœื ื™ืฆื ืฉื ืจืข ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื.
  • ืขื•ื“ ืžืกืคืจืช ื”ื’ืž' ืจื‘ื™ ืืžื™ ื•ืจื‘ื™ ืืกื™ ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ืžืžืงื•ื ืฉืžืฉ ืœืžืงื•ื ืฆืœ ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืžืžืงื•ื ืฆืœ ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉืžืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชืจืขื ืขืœ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืžืชื•ืš ืื”ื‘ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
  • ืžืกื•ืคืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื™[16]: ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ืจื” ื•ืจื‘ื™ ืžืชื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ื—ืจืฉ ื•ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื ื ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื•ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœืืจืฅ ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืคืœื˜ื•ื ื•ื–ื›ืจื• ืืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื–ืงืคื• ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื’ื• ื“ืžืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืงืจืขื• ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื”ื ื•ืงืจืื• ืืช ื”ืžืงืจื ื”ื–ื” "ื•ื™ืจืฉืชื ืื•ืชื” ื•ื™ืฉื‘ืชื ื‘ื” ื•ืฉืžืจืชื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”" ืืžืจื• ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืงื•ืœื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื”. ืœืœืžื“ื ื•, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื—ืก ืืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ื™ื—ืก ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ื”. ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื— ืœืฆืืช ืžืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืจื™ื‘"ื‘ ื•ื—ื ื ื™ื ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื™ ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข, ืฉื™ืฆืื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืื—ืจ ืžืจื“ ื‘ืŸ ื›ื•ื–ื™ื‘ื, ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืชืง ืžืžืงื•ืจ ื—ื™ื•ืชื• ืžื—ื™ืง ืื™ืžื•, ื•ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ืคืฉื™ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื” ื”ื•ื 'ื–ืœื’ื• ื“ืžืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืงืจืขื• ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื”ื'.
  • ื‘ืžืกืข ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื•ื”ื’ืจื™"ื— ื–ื•ื ื ืคืœื“ ืœืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืชืจืข"ื“ ื”ื’"ืจ ื–ื•ื ื ืคืœื“ ื™ืจื“ ืžื”ืขื’ืœื” ืžื–ืžืŸ ืœื–ืžืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื• ืขืœ ืื“ืžืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืฉื•ื ื—ื™ื‘ืช ื"ื™[17].
  • ืžืกื•ืคืจ[18] ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื ื–ื•ื ื ืคืœื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื“ืจืš ืฉืขืจ ืฉื›ื ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื“ืจืš ืฉืขืจ ื™ืคื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ืฉื ืกื•ื‘ื• ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืงื™ืคื•ื”. ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืงื“ื•ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ืกื•ื‘ื• ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืงื™ืคื•ื” ืกืคืจื• ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื”.

ืฉื™ืจื™ ืืจืฅ ื—ืžื“ื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ืื–ื›ืจื™, ื‘ืขืœ ืกืคืจ ื—ืจื“ื™ื' ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื•[19] ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื’ ื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื, ืœื”ืชื›ื ืก ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืจื‘ ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืงื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืœืขื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ ืœืฆืคืช ื•ืœืฉื™ืจ ืฉื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืืจืฅ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื”, ื™ืงืจื” ื—ืžื•ื“ื”"[20]. ื˜ืขื ืžื ื”ื’ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื›ื•ื–ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื ืœืขื™ืœ, ืฉื’ืื•ืœืชื ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืื”ื‘ืช ืืจืฅ ื—ืžื“ื”, ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ืืช ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืจื”.

ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืจื• ืฉื™ืจื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ืื”ื‘ื” ืืœื™ื”, ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื™ื•ื˜ โ€“ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื ืชืฉืืœื™ ืฉืœ ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืœื•ื™.

ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื˜ืขืžื ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืืจืฅ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืขื ื™ื ื” ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ "ื•ึฐืึธื›ึทืœึฐืชึธึผ ื•ึฐืฉึธื‚ื‘ึธืขึฐืชึธึผ ื•ึผื‘ึตืจึทื›ึฐืชึธึผ ืึถืช ื™ึฐื™ึธ ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ืขึทืœ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื”ึทื˜ึนึผื‘ึธื” ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื ึธืชึทืŸ ืœึธืšึฐ"[21]. ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื” ื•ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ื‘ืฉื ื”ืืจื™ื–"ืœ ื”ื•ื‘ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง 'ื•ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ ืขื ื‘ื™ื' - ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœื—ื˜ื ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื, ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืžืื™ืกื• ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื ื™ืชื ื” ืžืฉื•ื ื—ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ืช ืจืง ื‘ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื ืฉืชื‘ื—ื” ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ[22].

ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื”ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื—ื™ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืœื›ืช ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืคืจื“ืกื™ื ื•ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืฉื ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ื•ืžืฉื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ื‘ืžืื“, ืื ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื ืœืฉื ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ[23].

ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ืขืœ ื"ื™[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืืช ื''ื™ ื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื ื•ืชื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืจ ืื• ื—ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ื ืกื‘ืœ ื•ื›ื“ื•', ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื•''ืœ ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืคื™ื ืžืคื™ืจื•ืช ื''ื™, ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืฆืื ื• (ืขืจื›ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•) ืฉื“ื•ืจ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื ืขื ืฉื• ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื’ื ืžืชื• ืฉื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ื“ื™ื‘ื” ืจืขื” ืขืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ[24].

ืืžื ื ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื''ื™ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ื—ื ื‘ื''ื™, ื•ืง''ื• ืฉืžืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื ืจืง ืื•ืžืจ ื—ื ื›ืืŸ ืื• ืงืจ ื›ืืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ[25].

ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื™ื“ืข [26]ื›ืชื‘: ื™ืœืžื“ ื”ืื“ื ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื›ืœ, ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืคื™ื• ื•ืœืฉื•ื ื•, ืœื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืคื™ื• ืฉื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘, ืœื’ื ื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืืžื” ืื—ืช ืžืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืŸ ืžืฆื“ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ, ื”ืŸ ืžืฆื“ ืงื•ืจ ื•ื—ื•ื, ื”ืŸ ืžืฆื“ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืขืช ื—ื•ืจื‘ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื, ื•ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžื•ืฆื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื"ื™.


ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืืจืฅ ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ืคื” ื›ืžื• ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืกื•ืจ[27].

ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื—ื˜ื ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉืืžืจื• "ืืคืก ื›ื™ ืขื– ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืืจืฅ" [28] ,ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื’ื ืื ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจืข ืขืœ ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื•ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื” ืืœื ืื ืžื’ื ื™ื ืืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืชื” ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืžื ื™ืขืช ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ื"ื™ ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื—ื˜ื ื”ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื.[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืžืชืœื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื"ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื ืžืคื™ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื"ื™ ื•ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ื ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืื”ื“ื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื™ืฉืงื•ืœ ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื›ืจื— ืฉืœ ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžืžืฉ ืื• ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื•ืŸ ื ื•ืจื ื–ื”[29].

ืื™ืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืคื’ืžื™ื ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื"ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื›ื“ื•' ืืœื ื"ื› ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžืขืฉื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืกืชื ืื™ืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื ื’ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื’ื ื›ืฉืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ืœื”ื’ื–ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื ื• ืœืฉืขืช ื”ืฉืžื“ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ืชื—ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื•ื›ื“ื•'[30].  

ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ืชื”[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืžืฆืขื™ ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ื ื•ื—ื™ื ืžื–ื’ืŸ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”, ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืžืฆืขื™ ื—ื™ืžื•ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ืขื™ื ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืชื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื•ืฆื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ืฉื ื’ื ืื™[31].

ื•ื›ืŸ  ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืฉื‘ื—ื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ืจื”ื (ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœื‘ืจื”ืž''ื–) ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืกืคืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื— ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฉืชื•ืงืงื• ืœื” ื”ื ืคืฉื•ืช[32].

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื[ืขืจื™ื›ื”]

ืื”ื‘ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืืช ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•

  1. โ†‘ ืคืจืง ืงื‘, ื˜ื•
  2. โ†‘ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ - ืคืจืง ื‘
  3. โ†‘ ืจืž"ื“ ื•ื•ืืœื™ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื•, ื˜): ื•ืœื ืชืกื•ื‘ ื ื—ืœื” ืœื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžื˜ื” ืืœ ืžื˜ื” ื›ื™ ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื ื—ืœืช ืžื˜ื” ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื™ื“ื‘ืงื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ื‘ืงื•ืชื ืœืžื˜ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืืœ ื“ื‘ืงื•ืชื ื•ืฉืจืฉื ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื ื—ืœื” ื›ืคื™ ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ื•ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ื›ืคื™ ื”ื ื—ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ืขื™ืจื‘ื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ืืœ ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ.
  4. โ†‘ ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” โ€“ ื”ืขื ื•ื”ืืจืฅ, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืœืžื“ ืขืžื•ื“ 60
  5. โ†‘ ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–,ื.
  6. โ†‘ ืžืืžืจ ื”'
  7. โ†‘ ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“ ื‘ืขืชื•ืŸ ื“ืืก ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ื‘ื•ื™ืœื ื ื™"ื“ ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืจืค"ื– ื•ืžืฉื ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชืจืค"ื– ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜'
  8. โ†‘ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ื ื‘ื ืฆืœ (ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื” ืขืžื•ื“ ืจ"ื):
  9. โ†‘ ืจ' ื™ืจื•ื—ื ืœื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื“ืขืช ืชื•ืจื” - ื—"ื“ ืขืž' ืงื›ื“.
  10. โ†‘ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืœืžื“ ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ืขื ื•ื”ืืจืฅ
  11. โ†‘ ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ืขืงื‘ ื•ื‘ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื‘ ืจืžื– ืจืœื—)
  12. โ†‘ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืœืžื“ ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ืขื ื•ื”ืืจืฅ
  13. โ†‘ ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืชืขื ื’ ืœืฉืžื•ื— ื•ืœื”ื™ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืฆืื ื• ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื”ื ืคืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืจ"ื™ ืžื™ื’ืืฉ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืž' ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื–ื” ืœืฉื•ื ื•: ื”ื ื“ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ ืืžื™ ื•ืจื‘ื™ ืืกื™ ื”ื•ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ ืžืฉืžืฉื ืœื˜ื•ืœื ื•ืžื˜ื•ืœื ืœืฉืžืฉื. ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืžื—ืžืช ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืชื ื“ืืจืขื ื“ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœื™ื™ื”ื•, ื”ื•ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ ืžืฉืžืฉื ืœื˜ื•ืœื ื•ืžื˜ื•ืœื ืœืฉืžืฉื, ื“ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื• ื™ืชื‘ื™ ื‘ืฉืžืฉื ื•ืงื ืžืชื—ืžืžื™ ืžื—ืžืช ืฉืžืฉื ื•ืงื ืžืฆื˜ืขืจื™, ื”ื•ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ ืœื˜ื•ืœื ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื›ื™ ื“ืœื™ืžื˜ื™ ืœื”ื• ืจื•ื—ื ืžื”ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ืœื ื•ืžืฉื›ื—ื™ ื”ื ืื” ืžืืจืขื ื“ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื• ื™ืชื‘ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ืœื ื•ืงื ืžืฆื˜ื ื ื™ ื•ืžืฆื˜ืขืจื™, ืงื™ื™ืžื™ ื•ื™ืชื‘ื™ ื‘ืฉืžืฉื ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื›ื™ ื“ื ืฉื›ื•ื— ืจื•ื—ื ื“ืฉืžืฉื ืžื”ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื ื•ืŸ ื“ืžื˜ื ืœื”ื•, ื•ืžื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื• ื”ื ืื” ืžืืจืขื ื“ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžืชื—ื“ืฉ ืœื”ื• ื‘ื” ืฉืžื—ื” ื‘ื›ื•ืœื”ื• ืขื™ื“ื ื. ืข"ื› ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื• ื–"ืœ (ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจ"ื™ ืžื™ื’ืืฉ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื˜).
  14. โ†‘ ื”ืจื‘ ื—ืจืœ"ืค ื‘ืžื™ ืžืจื•ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืœ"ื˜ ื—ืœืง ื™ื’ ืขืž' ืงืกื— ืคื™ืจืฉ ืืช ื ื•ืกื— ื‘ืจื›ื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœืฉ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืคืจื™ื” ื•ืœืฉื‘ื•ืข ืžื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื›ืš ืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื•ืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื–ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื”ื ืื” ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ืช ืฉืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ืžืžื ื” ืื ืชื—ืกืจ ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื‘ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื•ืช ืชื—ืกืจ ืฉืœืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื–ื•.
  15. โ†‘ ื’ืžืจื ืžืกื›ืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงื™"ื‘ ืข"ื‘
  16. โ†‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืจืฉืช ืจืื” ืคื™ืกืงื ืค
  17. โ†‘ ืกืคืจ ืืœื” ืžืกืขื™ ืขืž' 217
  18. โ†‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืื™ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžื” ื—"ื‘ ืขืž' 181
  19. โ†‘ ื—ืจื“ื™ื ืค"ื‘ ืžืžืฆื•ืช ืœ"ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื ื‘ื"ื™
  20. โ†‘ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืื•ืจื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจ ืœื›ื• ื ืจื ื ื”, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื˜ืื•ื‘, ืืฉื“ื•ื“ ืชืฉืข''ื˜.
  21. โ†‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืจืง ื—, ื™
  22. โ†‘ ืขืคื™"ื– ื‘ื™ืืจ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ืžื ื—ื ื–ืžื‘ื” ื–ืฆื•ืง"ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื ื” "ืื“ื ื™ื•ืจื“ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื“ื”ื•, ื•ืจื•ืื” ืชืื ื” ืฉื‘ื›ืจื”, ืืฉื›ื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื›ืจ, ืจืžื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื›ืจ, ืงืฉืจื• ื‘ื’ืžื™ ื•ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืจื™ ืืœื• ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ื" (ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืค"ื’ ืž"ื) ืžื“ื•ืข ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืจืง ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื? ืืœื ื”ืืฉื›ื•ืœ ืชืื ื” ื•ืจื™ืžื•ืŸ, ื”ื ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืื•ืชื ืžืจื’ืœื™ื ืžืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื’, ื›ื’) "ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืขื“ ื ื—ืœ ืืฉื›ืœ ื•ื™ื›ืจืชื• ืžืฉื ื–ืžื•ืจื” ื•ืืฉื›ื•ืœ ืขื ื‘ื™ื ืื—ื“ ... ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืชืื ื™ื". ื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืืช ื—ื˜ื ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืชื ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื•. (ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืกืคืจ "ืžืขื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”" ืฉื).
  23. โ†‘ ืฉืืœื”: ืื ื›ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื“ ื–ื›ื ื™ ื”ืฉื™"ืช ื•ืงื‘ืขืชื™ ื“ื™ืจืชื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืชื•ื‘"ื‘ ืฆืคืช ืชื•ื‘"ื‘, ื•ื”ื ื” ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืฉืขื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ืืฉืจ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืžืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืฉืจ ื’ื ื‘ืฉืืจ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื“ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœืคื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉื‘ื— ื•ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ื ื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœ ืžืžืขื›"ืช ืื ืืจืฆื” ืœื™ืœืš ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ื•ืืฉื‘ ืฉื ืื™ื–ื” ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื•, ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืื™ื–ื” ืคืงืคื•ืง ืžืžื™ื“ืช ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืœื›ืช ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื ืžื”ืœืš ืื™ื–ื” ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ื”ื ืื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืื›ื™ืœื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘, ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืฉืจื™ ื’ื ืœืคื™ ืžื™ื“ืช ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ื—ื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืฉืœ ื"ื™ ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืœืฉื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื"ื™. ื™ื•ืจื ื• ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœืฆื“ืงื” ื•ืฉื›ืž"ื”. ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”: ื’ื ืœืคื™ ืžื“ืช ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ืœื™ืช ื‘ื”ื ืคืงืคื•ืง ื•ื—ืฉืฉ ื“ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื“ืขืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืฃ ืœ' ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื‘"ื— ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื” ืื–ืœื™ื ื ื‘ืชืจื™ื” ื“ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืœืžื™ื›ืœ ืคื™ืจื™ ื“ื’ื ื•ืกืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื ืŸ ื‘ื™ ืžืื” ื”ื•ื” ืžื ืงื˜ื™ื ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื—ื“ ื•ื—ื“ ืžืื” ืžืื”, ื•ืœื›ืœ ืžืื” ืžื ื™ื™ื”ื• ืœื ื”ื•ื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืœื”ื• ืฆื ื ื‘ืช ืชืœืชื ืกืื•ื™, ื•ื”ื•ื” ืื›ื™ืœ ืœื”ื• ืœื›ื•ืœื”ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื•' ืข"ืฉ, ื”ืจื™ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื•ืกื™ืขืช ืžืจื—ืžื•ื”ื™ ืžืื” ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ืชื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ืžื•ื›ื— ืžืŸ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ื•ื”ื ื” ื•ื“ืื™ ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื ืžืฆื ื“"ื– ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื ืช ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ื” ืคืงืคื•ืง ืฉื•"ืช ืชื•ืจื” ืœืฉืžื” (ืกื™ืžืŸ ืชื™ื—):
  24. โ†‘ ืกืคืจ ืื‘ื ื‘ื™ืชืš ืขืž' ื™"ื–
  25. โ†‘ ืฉื•"ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืž' ืจืฆ"ื– ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ืงืคื™ื“ื• ื’ื ื‘ื–ื” ื•ืจืง ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื—ื ืœื™ ืื• ืงืจ ืœื™. ืฉื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืž' ืฉื™''ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื”ื’ืจื™''ื— ื–ื•ื ื ืคืœื“.
  26. โ†‘ ืขืœ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื“ืฃ ืงื™ื‘/ื‘ ื‘ื” ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืฉืจ' ืืžื™ ื•ืจ' ืืกื™ ื”ื™ื• (ื’ืจื™ื) ื‘ื"ื™, ื•ืžืงื•ื ืฉืฉื•ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ืœื (ื‘ืฆืœ), ืืข"ืค ืฉืื ืชื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืœื ืื›ืคืช ืœื”ื• ื›ืš ื›ืš, ื›ื™ ืžื—ืžืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืžื–ื™ืง ื•ืื™ืŸ ืงืฆื™ื ื‘ื•, ืขื ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื—ื•ืฉื• ืฉืžื ืžืงืฆืช ืžืŸ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื™ืงื•ืฆื• ื‘ื—ื•ื ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื•ืื– ื™ืืžืจื• ื‘ืคื™ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ื ืงื•ื ืœื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื˜ื•ืœื, ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื• ืจ' ืืžื™ ื•ืจ' ืืกื™ ืžืงื“ืžื™ื ืœืงื•ื ืžืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืชื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื• ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ืœืžืงื•ื ื˜ื•ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ื ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ื ืžืฆื ืžื•ืฆื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืงืจืงืข ืฉื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
  27. โ†‘ ื’ืžืจื ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื“ืฃ ืฆื“ ืขืžื•ื“ ื
  28. โ†‘ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื’ ื›ื—
  29. โ†‘ ืืจืฅ ื—ืžื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืžืฉื” ืฆื•ืจื™ืืœ, ืขืž' 34.  
  30. โ†‘ ืกืคืจ ืื‘ื ื‘ื ืขืž' ื™"ื–
  31. โ†‘ ืกืคืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื”ืœื›ืชืŸ ืขืž' ืข''ื“, ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉื‘ื— ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืขืž' ืชื›''ื˜ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื–ื™ืœื‘ืจืฉื˜ื™ืŸ.
  32. โ†‘ ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžืื™ืจื™ ืœืžืกื›ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื“ืฃ ืžื—, ื‘ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืœื ืืžืจ ืืจืฅ ื—ืžื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื ื™ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื• ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื• ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื—ื” ื•ืฉื‘ื— ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฆื ืžืคื™ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ืกื— ื–ื” ืฉื ' ื•ืืจื“ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœื• ื•ื’ื•' ืืœ ืืจืฅ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืจื—ื‘ื”.
ืื•ื—ื–ืจ ืžืชื•ืš "https://www.yeshiva.org.il/wiki/index.php?title=ืื”ื‘ืช_ืืจืฅ_ื™ืฉืจืืœ&oldid=133926"