ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ืช:ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืจืื™ื”

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ
ืขืจืš ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ืช - ื—ืœืง ืžืžื™ื–ื ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.

ืขื•ืจืš ืจืืฉื™: ื”ืจื‘ ืคืจื•ืค' ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื’
ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื•ื’ื”ึผ ืข"ื™ ื”ื’ืจื–"ืŸ ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ื•ืฆื•ื•ืช ืช"ื— ื•ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขื•ืจื›ื• ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช.
ื”ื™ื ื›ื ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืชื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื“ืฃ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื”.
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ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืขื ืžืคืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืก ื”ืชื•ืžืš ื•ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืจืื™ื”

ื”ื’ื“ืจื”[1] - ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื— ืœื”' ืฉืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืจืื™ื™ืช ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื

ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืจืื™ื”, ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืืœื ื‘ืื•ืช ืœืคืจืงื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืœื ืฉื ื•ืžืœื›ื•ืช, ืืœื ืคื•ืชื— ื‘ืชื™ื‘ืช ื‘ืจื•ืš ื‘ืœื‘ื“ (ืžืื™ืจื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื“ ื, ื‘ืฉื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื, ื•ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืขืžื; ื˜ื•ืจ ืื•"ื— ืจื™ื—, ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจืื‘"ื“); ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืžืœื›ื•ืช: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”' ืืœื”ื™ื ื• ืžืœืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื›ื•' (ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ืจื‘ ื ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ื’ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช, ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ื‘; ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื ื“"ื” ื”ืจื•ืื”, ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉืžืขื™ื” ื•ื”ืจ"ื™, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื ื˜ ื; ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืจ"ื™ ืฉื™ืจืœื™ืื•ืŸ ืฉื) , ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” (ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื ื)[2].

ื•ื”ืกื•ืžื ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืืœื•, ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื ื”ื ื” ืžื”ืจืื™ื” (ืืœื™ื” ืจื‘ื” ืจื›ื“ ืกืง"ื•; ืคืจื™ ืžื’ื“ื™ื ืฉื, ืืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืกืง"ื•; ื‘ืจื›ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื ืกืง"ื), ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื (ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ).

ืขืœ ื ืกื™ื

ื”ืจื•ืื” ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื‘ื• ื ืกื™ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื•ืžืจ: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืขืฉื” ื ืกื™ื ืœืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” (ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ ื˜; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื).

ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื ื™ืชื ื• ืœื–ื”:

  • ื”ืจื•ืื” ืžืขื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื (ื’ืž' ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื), ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืขื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“"ื” ืžืขื‘ืจื•ืช; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื) ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื” (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื), ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึทื™ึธึผื‘ึนืื•ึผ ื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื‘ึฐึผืชื•ึนืšึฐ ื”ึทื™ึธึผื ื‘ึทึผื™ึทึผื‘ึธึผืฉึธืื” ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึทึผื™ึดื ืœึธื”ึถื ื—ื•ึนืžึธื” ืžึดื™ืžึดื™ื ึธื ื•ึผืžึดืฉึฐึผื‚ืžึนืืœึธื (ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื“ ื›ื‘. ื’ืž' ืฉื).
  • ื•ืžืขื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ (ื’ืž' ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื) ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื—ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“"ื” ื•ืžืขื‘ืจื•ืช), ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืขึนื‘ึฐืจึดื™ื ื‘ึถึผื—ึธืจึธื‘ึธื” ืขึทื“ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืชึทึผืžึผื•ึผ ื›ึธึผืœ ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึนื™ ืœึทืขึฒื‘ึนืจ ืึถืช ื”ึทื™ึทึผืจึฐื“ึตึผืŸ: (ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื’ ื™ื–. ื’ืž' ืฉื).
  • ื•ืžืขื‘ืจื•ืช ื ื—ืœื™ ืืจื ื•ืŸ (ื’ืž' ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื), ืฉื ืืžืจ: ืขึทืœ ื›ึตึผืŸ ื™ึตืึธืžึทืจ ื‘ึฐึผืกึตืคึถืจ ืžึดืœึฐื—ึฒืžึนืช ื”' ืึถืช ื•ึธื”ึตื‘ ื‘ึฐึผืกื•ึผืคึธื” (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื ื™ื“), ืฉื›ืฉื ืฉืžืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื ืฉืขืฉื” ืขืžื ื• ื”' ื‘ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืขื”"ืช ืฉื ื“"ื” ืืช ื•ื”ื‘), ื•ึฐืึถืช ื”ึทื ึฐึผื—ึธืœึดื™ื ืึทืจึฐื ื•ึนืŸ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื), ื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืœืกืคืจ ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ ื ื—ืœื™ ืืจื ื•ืŸ, ื•ืžื” ื”ื? (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืขื”"ืช ืฉื ื“"ื” ื•ืืช ื”ื ื—ืœื™ื) ื•ึฐืึถืฉึถืื“ ื”ึทื ึฐึผื—ึธืœึดื™ื (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื˜ื•), ืฉืคืš ื”ื ื—ืœื™ื ืฉื ืฉืคืš ืฉื ื“ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื ื—ื‘ืื™ื ืฉื ื‘ืžืขืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื’ืž' ืฉื ื‘; ืจืฉ"ื™ ืขื”"ืช ืฉื ื“"ื” ื•ืืฉื“), ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื ึธื˜ึธื” ืœึฐืฉึถืื‘ึถืช ืขึธืจ ื•ึฐื ึดืฉึฐืืขึทืŸ ืœึดื’ึฐื‘ื•ึผืœ ืžื•ึนืึธื‘ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื), ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ืžืขืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจ ืฉืœ ืฆื“ ืžื•ืื‘ ื•ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฅ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื), ื•ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจื• ื™ื—ื“ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื”ืจื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืื™ืžืช ื”ืืจื•ืŸ (ื’ืž' ืฉื), ืื• ืžืคื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืœื”ืงื‘ื™ืœ ืคื ื™ ื’ื‘ื™ืจืชื” (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืขื”"ืช ืฉื), ื•ื ื˜ื” ื”ื”ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ื ื›ื ืกื• ื”ื ืงื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœื• ืœืชื•ืš ืžืขืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืจ ื”ืžื•ืื‘ื™ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื•ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื ื“"ื” ืืฉืจ ื ื˜ื”, ื•ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื”ืืžื•ืจื™ื™ื (ื’ืž' ืฉื; ืจืฉ"ื™ ืขื”"ืช ืฉื).
  • ื•ืื‘ื ื™ ืืœื’ื‘ื™ืฉ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืจื•ืŸ (ื’ืž' ืฉื ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื) ืฉื ืคืœื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“"ื” ื‘ืžื•ืจื“), ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ื‘ึฐึผื ึปืกึธื ืžึดืคึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื”ึตื ื‘ึฐึผืžื•ึนืจึทื“ ื‘ึตึผื™ืช ื—ื•ึนืจึนืŸ ื•ึทื”' ื”ึดืฉึฐืืœึดื™ืšึฐ ืขึฒืœึตื™ื”ึถื ืึฒื‘ึธื ึดื™ื ื’ึฐึผื“ึนืœื•ึนืช ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืฉึธึผืืžึทื™ึดื ืขึทื“ ืขึฒื–ึตืงึธื” ื•ึทื™ึธึผืžึปืชื•ึผ ืจึทื‘ึดึผื™ื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืžึตืชื•ึผ ื‘ึฐึผืึทื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ื”ึทื‘ึธึผืจึธื“ ืžึตืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื”ึธืจึฐื’ื•ึผ ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื‘ึถึผื—ึธืจึถื‘ (ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื™ ื™ื).
  • ื•ืื‘ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืขื•ื’ ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื’ืž' ืฉื, ืœื’ื™ืจืกืชื ื•; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื), ื•ืœื ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘, ืืœื ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื, ืฉืฉื™ืขืจ ืขื•ื’ ื‘ืœื‘ื• ืฉืžื—ื ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœืฉ ืคืจืกื•ืช, ื”ืœืš ื•ืขืงืจ ื”ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœืฉ ืคืจืกื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืคื•ืœ ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื”ืจื’ื•, ื•ื”ืคื™ืœื• ื”' ืขืœ ืจืืฉื•, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื ืžืœื™ื ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ื”ื• ื•ื ืคืœ ืขืœ ืฆื•ื•ืืจื•, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืจืฆื” ืœืฉื•ืœืคื• ืžืฉื›ื• ืฉื™ื ื™ื• ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ื•ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฉื•ืœืคื• (ื’ืž' ืฉื ื‘, ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ื“"ื” ืงืžืฆื™ ื•ืฉืจื‘ื‘ืช), ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ื’ื•ืจืกื™ื: ืื‘ืŸ ืฉื–ืจืง ืขื•ื’ ื‘ืžืฉื” (ื”ืจื™"ืฃ ืฉื).
  • ื•ืื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื‘ ืขืœื™ื” ืžืฉื” ื‘ืขืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขืžืœืง (ื’ืž' ืฉื ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื), ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ื›ึทึผืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื™ึธืจึดื™ื ืžึนืฉึถืื” ื™ึธื“ื•ึน ื•ึฐื’ึธื‘ึทืจ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื•ึฐื›ึทืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื™ึธื ึดื™ื—ึท ื™ึธื“ื•ึน ื•ึฐื’ึธื‘ึทืจ ืขึฒืžึธืœึตืง, ื•ึดื™ื“ึตื™ ืžึนืฉึถืื” ื›ึฐึผื‘ึตื“ึดื™ื ื•ึทื™ึดึผืงึฐื—ื•ึผ ืึถื‘ึถืŸ ื•ึทื™ึธึผืฉึดื‚ื™ืžื•ึผ ืชึทื—ึฐืชึธึผื™ื• ื•ึทื™ึตึผืฉึถืื‘ ืขึธืœึถื™ื”ึธ ื•ึฐืึทื”ึฒืจึนืŸ ื•ึฐื—ื•ึผืจ ืชึธึผืžึฐื›ื•ึผ ื‘ึฐื™ึธื“ึธื™ื• ืžึดื–ึถึผื” ืึถื—ึธื“ ื•ึผืžึดื–ึถึผื” ืึถื—ึธื“ ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ื™ึธื“ึธื™ื• ืึฑืžื•ึผื ึธื” ืขึทื“ ื‘ึนึผื ื”ึทืฉึธึผืืžึถืฉื, ื•ึทื™ึทึผื—ึฒืœึนืฉื ื™ึฐื”ื•ึนืฉึปืืขึท ืึถืช ืขึฒืžึธืœึตืง ื•ึฐืึถืช ืขึทืžึผื•ึน ืœึฐืคึดื™ ื—ึธืจึถื‘ (ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื– ื™ื-ื™ื’. ื’ืž' ืฉื ื‘).
  • ื•ื—ื•ืžืช ื™ืจื™ื—ื• ืฉื ื‘ืœืขื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื” (ื’ืž' ืฉื ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื), ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ื›ึดืฉึฐืืžึนืขึท ื”ึธืขึธื ืึถืช ืงื•ึนืœ ื”ึทืฉึผืื•ึนืคึธืจ ื•ึทื™ึธึผืจึดื™ืขื•ึผ ื”ึธืขึธื ืชึฐึผืจื•ึผืขึธื” ื’ึฐื“ื•ึนืœึธื” ื•ึทืชึดึผืคึนึผืœ ื”ึทื—ื•ึนืžึธื” ืชึทึผื—ึฐืชึถึผื™ื”ึธ (ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื• ื›), ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื’ื•ื‘ื”ื” ื•ืจื•ื—ื‘ื” ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”, ืื™ืŸ ื ืคื™ืœื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ื” ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื ื‘ืœืขื” (ื’ืž' ืฉื ื‘, ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ื“"ื” ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืคื•ืชื™ื”).

ืœืžื“ื• ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื ืกื™ื ืžื”ื›ืชื•ื‘: ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ื™ึดืชึฐืจื•ึน ื‘ึธึผืจื•ึผืšึฐ ื”' ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื”ึดืฆึดึผื™ืœ ืึถืชึฐื›ึถื ืžึดื™ึทึผื“ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ื•ึผืžึดื™ึทึผื“ ืคึทึผืจึฐืขึนื” (ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื— ื™. ื’ืž' ืฉื ื), ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื™ืชืจื• ืœื ืจืื” ืืช ื”ื ืกื™ื ื•ืžืงื•ืžื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืจืื” ืืช ืžืฉื” ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ื ืขืฉื• ื”ื ืกื™ื, ื•ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื ืขืฉื• ืœื”ื ื”ื ืกื™ื, ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื›ืื™ืœื• ืจืื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช (ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื; ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืฆืช ืฉื; ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื•ืคืจื— ื–, ื—"ื ืขืž' ืงืœื– ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ื”ืชื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช).

ื ืก ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื

ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืืœื ืขืœ ื ืก ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืœื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ ื˜, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื“ ื; ืจื‘ื ื• ื™ื•ื ื” ืฉื; ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื ื‘), ืื• ืœืจื•ื‘ื (ืจื‘ื ื• ื™ื•ื ื” ืฉื; ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื), ืฉื›ืœ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืœื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื• ืœืจื•ื‘ื ื ืงืจื ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ (ืจื‘ื ื• ื™ื•ื ื” ืฉื).

ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืจืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”' ืขืฉื” ืคืœื ืื• ื ืก ืœืงืฆืช ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืจืื•ืชื• ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ื›ืจืžืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉืขืฉื” ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—, ื•ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืืœื™ืฉืข ื‘ืฉื•ื ื ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื—ื™ื” ืืช ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื ืžื™ืช, ืจืื•ื™ ืœื• ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื—ืกื“ื™ ื”', ื•ื™ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ืฉื‘ื— ื›ืคื™ ื›ื•ื—ื• (ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื•ืคืจื— ืฉื).

ื ืก ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืœืฉื‘ื˜

ืขืœ ื ืก ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืœืฉื‘ื˜ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืื ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื, ืชืœื•ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืื ืฉื‘ื˜ ื ืงืจื ืงื”ืœ (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•. ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื˜ ื), ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืื ืœื”ืœื›ื” ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• (ื‘"ื— ืฉื); ืื• ืœื (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื).

ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื ืขืฉื” ื”ื ืก

ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ืจืš ืขื“ ืฉื™ืจืื” ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืžืงื•ื ื”ื ืก, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืื” ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ืœื ื™ื‘ืจืš ืื ืœื ืจืื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืœื ื™ื‘ืจืš ืขื“ ืฉื™ืจืื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื•, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื™ืจื™ื—ื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื—ืœ ืืจื ื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืืžืจื• ื‘ื›ื•ืœื: ืžืขื‘ืจื•ืช (ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื•ืคืจื— ืฉื; ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืœื›ื” ืจื™ื— ื“"ื” ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืขื‘ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื“ืขืช ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“"ื” ืžืขื‘ืจื•ืช).

ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉื›ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™, ืืœื ืจื•ืื” ื—ืœืง ืื—ืจ ืžื™ื ืกื•ืฃ, ืื• ื—ืœืง ืื—ืจ ืžื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ืจืš ืจืื•ื™ ืœื• ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื—ืกื“ื™ ื”', ื•ื™ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ืฉื‘ื— ื›ืคื™ ื›ื•ื—ื• (ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื•ืคืจื— ืฉื).

ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื ืก ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžืงื•ื

ื ื—ืœืงื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื "ืฉืขืฉื” ื ืกื™ื ืœืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•" ื’ื ืขืœ ื ืก ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžืงื•ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืกืžื•ืš ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืงืจื” ืฉื ื ืก ื‘ืขืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืกื ื—ืจื™ื‘, ืฉื™ืฆื ืžืœืืš ื”' ื•ื”ืžื™ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ื ื” (ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ ื“"ื” ืื‘ื ื™ ื•ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฉื ืจื™ื, ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื–ืจ ื‘ื•; ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืจ"ื™ ืฉื™ืจืœื™ืื•ืŸ ืฉื; ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ืจื"ืฉ ืฉื ื); ืื• ืœื (ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื•ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ื–ืจ ื‘ื•)[3].

ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืœื• ื ื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื”ื›ืœ ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื• "ืฉืขืฉื” ืœื™ ื ืก" ื•ื›ื•' (ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ), ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื ืก ืœื ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžืงื•ื (ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”).

ื”ืจื•ืื” ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื• ื ืก ืœื™ื—ื™ื“

ื”ืจื•ืื” ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื• ื ืก ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ - ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืื™ื ื• ืœื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื• ืœืจื•ื‘ื (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ) - ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ืจืš ืืœื ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื“ ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ ื˜; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื ื“), ื‘ื ื• ื•ื ื›ื“ื• (ื’ืž' ืฉื, ืœื’ื™ืจืกืช ื”ืจื™"ืฃ ื•ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื; ื’ืž' ืฉื, ืœื’ื™ืจืกืช ื”ื”ื’ื”ื•ืช ืžื™ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื, ื•ื”ืจื"ืฉ ืฉื ื˜ ื, ื•ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ ื”ืื™; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื)[4], ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืืฃ ืฉืืจ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื™ืจื›ื™ื• (ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ).

  • ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ืžื‘ืจืš: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืขืฉื” ืœื™ ื ืก ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” (ื’ืž' ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื).
  • ื‘ื‘ื ื• ื ื—ืœืงื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื ืžื‘ืจืš ื‘ืคืจื˜ื•ืช: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืขืฉื” ื ืก ืœืื‘ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” (ื›ืœื‘ื• ืคื–; ืืจื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื, ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืžื”), ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” (ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื); ืื• ืฉืžื‘ืจืš ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืช: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืขืฉื” ื ืก ืœืื‘ื•ืชื™ ื•ื›ื•' (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื).
  • ืืฃ ื‘ื–ืงื ื• ื ื—ืœืงื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื ืžื‘ืจืš ื‘ืคืจื˜ื•ืช: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืขืฉื” ื ืก ืœื–ืงื ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” (ื›ืœื‘ื• ืฉื; ืืจื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื), ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” (ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื)[5]; ืื• ืฉืžื‘ืจืš ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืช: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืขืฉื” ื ืก ืœืื‘ื•ืชื™ ื•ื›ื•' (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื).
  • ื‘ืฉืืจ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื™ืจื›ื• ื ื—ืœืงื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื: ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืืœื ื”ื•ื ื•ื‘ื ื• ื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ (ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžื”ืจื™"ืฃ ืฉื; ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื; ืืจื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื; ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื), ืฉื”ื ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื• (ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื); ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื™ืจื›ื• ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื (ืจืฉื‘"ื ืฉื): ืฉืขืฉื” ื ืก ืœืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” (ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื), ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” (ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื), ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืื” ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื ื™ืฆืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืžื”ืืฉ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจืš ื›ืŸ (ืจืฉื‘"ื ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ืฆื ื ื“"ื” ืขื™ื‘ืจื).

ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื™ืจื›ื• ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื ืก:

  • ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื‘ืจื›ืชื ืฉืืฃ ื”ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ื ืก (ืจืฉื‘"ื ืฉื), ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื ืก (ืืœื™ื” ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ืกืง"ื“, ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืฉื•"ืข), ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ืขื• ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื›ื“ืขื” ื–ื• (ืืœื™ื” ืจื‘ื” ืฉื; ืคืจื™ ืžื’ื“ื™ื ืฉื; ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืกืง"ื–), ืฉืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื›ืœืœ, ื“ื™ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื”ื ืจืง ื›ืฉื”ื ืก ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื’ื ืœื”ื (ืืœื™ื” ืจื‘ื” ืฉื; ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื™ืจื›ื• ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืืฃ ืื ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืงื•ื“ื ื”ื ืก (ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื ืกืง"ื•, ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื), ืฉื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื‘ืจื›ืชื ืื™ื ื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืฃ ื”ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื ืก, ืืœื ืžืฉื•ื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ื™ื”ื (ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉืงืœ ืฉื).

ื’ื“ืจ ื”ื ืก

ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื”ื ืก ื ื—ืœืงื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื:

  • ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืกื›ื ื” ื•ื ื™ืฆืœ ืžืžื ื•, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืคืœื” ืื‘ืŸ ืกืžื•ืš ืœืจืืฉื•, ืื• ื ืชืงืข ืขืฅ ืื• ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืกืžื•ืš ืœืขื™ื ื•, ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืœื• ื ืก ื•ืœื ื ืคืœื” ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉ, ื•ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืœื ื ื›ื ืก ื‘ืขื™ื ื•, ืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื• (ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจื“ื‘"ื– ื’ ืชืงืขื‘, ื‘ืฉื ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืจ"ื ืื‘"ื“, ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื; ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื ื˜, ื‘ืฉื ื™ืฉ ืฉื—ื•ืœืง), ืฉืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื ืก ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœืฉืขื” ื–ื• (ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืœื›ื” ืฉื ื“"ื” ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื—ื•ืœืง).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ืจืš ืืœื ืขืœ ื ืก ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื›ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื‘ื• ื ืกื™ื ืœืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ. ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจื“ื‘"ื– ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืจ"ื ืื‘"ื“, ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื; ืื‘ื“ื•ืจื”ื, ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”, ื”ืฉื‘ื— ื•ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื”, ื‘ืฉื ื”"ืจ ืืฉืจ ืžืœื•ื ื™ืœ; ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื ื˜, ื‘ืฉื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืœืงื™ื: ื›ืœ ื ืก ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืคืช, ืืœื ื›ืœ ืฉื ืชืงืจื‘ ืœืžืงืจื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื ื™ืฆืœ ื”ื™ืžื ื•, ืฉืืฆืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื›ืœ ื ืก ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื, ืื‘ืœ ื ืก ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืืœื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืก ื’ื“ื•ืœ (ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ื›ืžื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” (ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจื“ื‘"ื– ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืจ"ื ืื‘"ื“, ื•ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืขืžื•), ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ื™ืฆืœ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืกื›ื ื” ื‘ื ืก ืฉืื™ื ื• ื—ื“ืฉ - ื™ื‘ืจืš ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœืœื ืฉื ื•ืžืœื›ื•ืช (ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจื“ื‘"ื– ืฉื; ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื)[6].

ื•ืœื ื ื—ืœืงื• ืืœื ื‘ื ืก ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจื’ื™ืœ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข, ืื‘ืœ ื—ื•ืœื” ืฉื”ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื•ืฉืืจ ื ื™ืกื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข, ื”ื›ืœ ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื (ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืœื›ื” ืฉื).

ืžื™ ืฉื ืขืฉื• ืœื• ื ืกื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช

ืžื™ ืฉื ืขืฉื• ืœื• ื ืกื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช, ื›ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช, ื•ื™ื›ืœื•ืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื—ืช (ืจื"ืฉ ืฉื ื˜ ื, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื’ืž' ืฉื ื ื“ ื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื ื”), ื•ื™ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื•, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื™ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช, ื”ื™ื™ื ื•: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืขืฉื” ืœื™ ื ืก ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื•ืคืœื•ื ื™ (ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื, ืœื“ืขื” ื–ื•, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื’ืž' ืฉื)[7].

ื”ืจื•ืื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืœื”ื ื ืก

ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืœื”ื ื”ื ืก ืžื‘ืจืš ื›ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืก ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื (ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื; ืื‘ื•ื“ืจื”ื ืฉื), ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืก ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื• ืื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• (ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื; ืจืž"ื ืฉื ื•, ื‘ืฉื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื), ืฉื”ืจื™ ื™ืชืจื• ืœื ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ืืœื ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืžืื™ืจื™ ื•ืื‘ื•ื“ืจื”ื ืฉื)[8].

ื ืก ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื•

ืขืœ ื ืก ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจืš, ื›ืฉื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื ืก ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื• (ืจืฉื‘"ื ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื ื•)[9], ื•ืื•ืžืจ: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืขืฉื” ื ืก ืœืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” (ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉื ืกืง"ื›).

ื ืก ืฉืœ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื

ืขืœ ื ืก ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืื‘ ื‘ืŸ ืฆืจื•ื™ื” - ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืจืืฉ ื•ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ (ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉื ืก"ืง ื›ื’, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื ืกืง"ื˜) - ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื ืก ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืฉื ืชืงื“ืฉ ื‘ื• ืฉื ืฉืžื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• - ืžื‘ืจืš (ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื ื–, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื ื˜ ื, ืœื’ื™ืจืกืช ื”ืจื"ืฉ ืฉื ื˜ ื). ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ืจื•ืื” ื’ื•ื‘ ืืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื ื™ืืœ, ื•ื›ื‘ืฉืŸ ื”ืืฉ ืฉืœ ื—ื ื ื™ื” ืžื™ืฉืืœ ื•ืขื–ืจื™ื”, ืžื‘ืจืš ืฉืขืฉื” ื ืก ืœืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื– ื‘; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื)[10].

ืœื•ื˜ ื•ืืฉืชื•

ื”ืจื•ืื” ืœื•ื˜ ื•ืืฉืชื• ืžื‘ืจืš ืฉืชื™ื: ืขืœื™ื” ืžื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจื›ืช ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืช (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื•ื“ืื”), ื•ืขืœ ืœื•ื˜ ืžื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจื•ืš ื–ื•ื›ืจ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื“ ื‘), ื•ืคื™ืจืฉื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืจื•ืื” ืืช ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืžื‘ืจืš ืฉืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช (ืจื"ืฉ ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื), ืฉื›ืฉืจื•ืื” ืื•ืชื” ื ื–ื›ืจ ื’ื ืžื ืก ื‘ืขืœื” (ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื; ื˜"ื– ืฉื ืกืง"ื‘).

ืžืชื™ ืžื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืืœื•

ืžืชื™ ืžื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื ืกื™ื, ื ื—ืœืงื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื:

  • ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื”ื ืืœื ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืจื•ืื”, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ืื™ืœืš ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืจืฉื•ืช (ืจื"ืฉ ื•ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจืื‘"ื“; ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื), ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืœืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื ืื ืจื•ืฆื” ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขื•ื“ ืคืขื (ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื; ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื, ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืื‘"ื“), ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ืจืš (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื”), ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื ืกื™ื ืฉืขื™ืงืจืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืขืœื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ, ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืชืคืขืœ ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ืจืš, ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ืื™ืœืš ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื“ืขืชื•, ืื ื™ืจืฆื” ืœืชืช ื“ืขืชื• ื•ืœื‘ื• ืขืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื ืก ื•ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”' ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื‘ื• - ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื• (ืคืจื™ืฉื” ืฉื ืกืง"ื, ืœื“ืขื” ื–ื•).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื‘ืจืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืจื•ืื” ืื•ืชื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืฉืœืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื ืœืฉืœืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื (ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื ื ื“"ื” ื”ืจื•ืื”, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื˜ ื‘; ืจื"ืฉ ืฉื), ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืœืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื ืืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ืจืš (ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื ื’; ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉื ืก"ืง ื™ื‘), ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” (ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื). ื•ืฉืœืฉื™ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื™ื•ื ืฉืจืื”, ื•ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื™ื•ื ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื• ืขืชื” (ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื ืกืง"ื“).

ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช

ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื ื•ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจื•ืช

ื”ืจื•ืื” ื™ืžื™ื, ื ื”ืจื•ืช, ื”ืจื™ื, ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช, ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื•ืžืจ: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช (ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื“ ื, ื‘ืฉื ืกืคืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื; ื’ืž' ืฉื ื ื˜ ื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืื•"ื— ืจื›ื— ื); ื•ื™ืฉ ื’ื•ืจืกื™ื: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช (ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื, ืœื’ื™ืจืกืชื ื•; ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ ื˜ื•), ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ืืžื•ืจืื™ื:

  • ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื”ื ืืฃ ื‘ืจื›ืช ืฉื›ื—ื• ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืจืชื• ืžืœื ืขื•ืœื (ืื‘ื™ื™ ืฉื ื ื˜ ื, ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ื“"ื” ื›ืจื•ืš ื•ืชื ื™).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืืœื• ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจืš ืืœื ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ (ืจื‘ื ืฉื), ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืจืš ืฉื›ื—ื• ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืจืชื• ืžืœื ืขื•ืœื, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“"ื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ืจื™ื), ื•ืื™ื ื ื–ื–ื™ื ืžืžืงื•ืžื (ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื), ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื).

ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื, ืืœื ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” - ื’ื™ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืคื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื“ืงืœ ื•ืคืจืช (ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื ื“"ื” ืขืœ; ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฉื ืจื™; ืื‘ื•ื“ืจื”ื ืฉื, ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”, ื”ืฉื‘ื— ื•ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื”, ื‘ืฉื ื”"ืจ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ; ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื ื‘), ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืฉืืจ ื ื”ืจื•ืช, ืื ื”ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืœื• (ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืก"ืง ื’); ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ื ื•ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ืจืš ืืœื ืขืœ ืืœื” ื”ืžืฉื•ื ื™ื - ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžื—ืžืช ื’ื‘ื”ื (ื—ื™ื™ ืื“ื ืกื’ ื’) - ื•ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื’ื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื‘ื”ื (ืื‘ื•ื“ืจื”ื ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ื”"ืจ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ; ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื ื’)

ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืฉืชื ื” ืžื”ืœื›ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืžืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืฉืชื ื” ื•ืื™ืœืš (ื’ืž' ืฉื ื ื˜ ื‘; ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื ื‘, ื•ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืก"ืง ื“).

ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• ื›ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœืฉื™ื ื™ืžื™ื ืžืื– ืจืื™ื™ืชื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” (ืคืจื™ ืžื’ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืกืง"ื; ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉื ืกืง"ื‘, ื‘ืฉื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื).

ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ

ื”ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื•ืžืจ: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ (ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื), ืฉืžืคื ื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืงื‘ืขื• ืœื• ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœืขืฆืžื• (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“"ื” ืœืคืจืงื™ื), ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื•:

  • ื™ืฉ ืฉืžืคืจืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื• ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื), ื•ืžืคื ื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืงืจื ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ (ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉื ืกืง"ื‘), ืื• ืฉ"ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ" ื‘ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืžื ื• (ืจื‘ื ื• ื™ื•ื ื” ืฉื; ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื, ื‘ืฉืžื•).
  • ืืš ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืคืจืฉื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืžืงื™ืฃ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื›ืขืœ ืฉืืจ ื™ืžื™ื: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ. ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจื"ืฉ ื“ ื“; ื‘ืจื˜ื ื•ืจื ืฉื; ืื‘ื•ื“ืจื”ื, ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”, ื”ืฉื‘ื— ื•ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื”; ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื ืกืง"ื; ืฉื ื•ืช ืืœื™ื”ื• ืœืžืฉื ื” ืฉื; ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉื ืกืง"ื‘, ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื)[11].

ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• ื›ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœืฉื™ื ื™ืžื™ื ืžืื– ืจืื™ื™ืชื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื˜ ื‘; ืคืจื™ ืžื’ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืกืง"ื; ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉื ืกืง"ื‘, ื‘ืฉื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื).

ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื•ื–ื•ื•ืขื•ืช ืจืขืžื™ื ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจืงื™ื

ืขืœ ื”ื–ื™ืงื™ื - ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืื•ื™ืจ ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ื•ืจืฆื™ื ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื, ืื• ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื–ื ื‘ (ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ ื™ื“) - ื•ืขืœ ื”ื–ื•ื•ืขื•ืช - ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจืขื™ื“ืช ื”ืื“ืžื” (ื’ืž' ื ื˜ ื, ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ื“"ื” ื’ื•ื”ื) - ื•ืขืœ ื”ืจืขืžื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจืงื™ื, ืื•ืžืจ: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉื›ื—ื• ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืจืชื• ืžืœื ืขื•ืœื (ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื ื ื“ ื), ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืžืœื‘ื“ ื‘ืจื›ืช ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื’ื ื‘ืจื›ืช ืฉื›ื—ื• ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืจืชื• (ื’ืž' ืฉื ื ื˜ ื).

ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื:

  • ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื”ื ืฉืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช (ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“"ื” ื›ืจื•ืš; ืจืื‘"ื“ ืฉื; ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืฆืช ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ื™ืฉ ื’ื™ืจืกืื•ืช).
  • ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืคื™ืจืฉื• ืฉืžื‘ืจืš ืื™ื–ื• ืžืฉืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจืฆื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ื‘ืจืš ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ (ืจื™"ืฃ ืฉื; ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื ื“"ื” ืจื‘ื, ื‘ืกืชื, ื•ื‘ืฉืžื•; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื; ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืจ"ื™ ืฉื™ืจืœื™ืื•ืŸ ืฉื; ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ืจื"ืฉ ืฉื; ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื; ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืฆืช ืฉื, ื‘ืกืชื, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื’ื™ืจืกืช ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื), ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” (ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืจื›ื– ื).

ื•ื ื”ื’ื• ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ืจืขืžื™ื ืฉื›ื—ื• ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืจืชื• ืžืœื ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจืงื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช (ื˜"ื– ืฉื ืกืง"ื), ืœืคื™ ืฉื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืื™ื ื–ื” ืื—ืจ ื–ื” ืžื™ื“, ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืฉื‘ื— ืœืžืงื•ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืชืฉื‘ื—ื•ืช ืžืœื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื—ืช ืฉืชื™ ืคืขืžื™ื ื–ื• ืื—ืจ ื–ื•, ื•ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœืจืขื ื‘ืจื›ืช ืฉื›ื—ื• ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืจืชื• ืžืœื ืขื•ืœื, ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ืจืขื ืžืจืื” ื›ื— ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืจืง (ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื ื”ื ื™ืŸ ืœืจื‘ ื™ื’ ื˜ื•)[12], ืื›ืŸ ืื ืฉืžืข ืจืขื ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืจืง ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช, ืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืจื•ืš ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช (ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื ืกืง"ื).

ื•ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ื ืชืคื–ืจื• ื”ืขื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืง ืœื‘ืจืง ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืขื ืœืจืขื ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื—ืช, ื ืชืคื–ืจื• ื”ืขื‘ื™ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื‘ืจืš (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื ื˜ ื‘; ืจื"ืฉ ืฉื ื˜ ื™ื’, ื‘ืฉืžื•; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื ื‘), ื•ื“ื•ืงื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื—ืจ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืœื ื ืชืคื–ืจื• ื”ืขื‘ื™ื, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื‘ืจืš (ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉื ืกืง"ื—, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื).

ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืขืฃ ื•ื‘ื ื—ืช

ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืืžืจื• ื”ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื‘ืื• ื‘ื–ืขืฃ (ื’ืž' ืฉื ื ื˜ ื; ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื), ื•ื”ื™ื ืจื•ื— ืกืขืจื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ (ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื ื”ื ื™ืŸ ืœืจื‘ ื™ื’ ื˜ื•), ืื‘ืœ ืื ื‘ืื• ื‘ื ื—ืช ืื•ืžืจ: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื; ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื ื“"ื” ืขืœ, ื‘ืฉืžื•; ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื ืกืง"ื) ืื ื”ืŸ ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืขืฃ (ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื).

ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ืกื

ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ืกื ื•ืฉืžืข ืงื•ืœ ืจืขื ืื• ื‘ืจืง, ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืืช ื•ืœื‘ืจืš ืชื•ืš-ื›ื“ื™-ื“ื‘ื•ืจ (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•), ื™ืฆื ื•ื™ื‘ืจืš, ื•ืื ืœืื• ืœื ื™ืฆื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื), ื•ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื‘ืขืœืžื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ืกื, ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืจืš ื‘ื•, ื ืงื˜ื•, ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืฉืžื™ืขืช ื”ืจืขื ื•ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืจืง, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœื ื™ื‘ืจืš (ื—ื™ื™ ืื“ื ืกื’ ื˜; ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉื ืก"ืง ื™ื‘)[13].

ืงืฉืช

ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ืื ื”ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืงืฉืช ืžื‘ืจืš: ื‘ืจื•ืš ื–ื•ื›ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช (ืกืชืžื ื“ื’ืž' ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื˜ ื; ืกืชืžื ื“ื’ืž' ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื ื˜ ื‘); ืื•: ื‘ืจื•ืš ื ืืžืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืชื• ื•ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืืžืจื• (ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืงื ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื)[14], ื•ืžืกืงื ืช ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ืืžืจ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช: ื‘ืจื•ืš ื–ื•ื›ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื ืืžืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืชื• ื•ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืืžืจื• (ืจื‘ ืคืคื ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื, ืœื’ื™ืจืกืชื ื•), ืืœื ืฉื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ื’ื™ืจืกืื•ืช:

  • ื™ืฉ ื”ื’ื•ืจืกื™ื ืงื•ื“ื "ื–ื•ื›ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช", ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ "ื•ื ืืžืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืชื• ื•ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืืžืจื•" (ื’ืž' ืฉื, ืœื’ื™ืจืกืชื ื•), ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื (ืจื™"ืฃ ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื ื™ ื˜ื–; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืื•"ื— ืจื›ื˜ ื), ืืœื ืฉื—ืœืงื ื’ืจืกื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื "ื•ื ืืžืŸ": "ื ืืžืŸ" (ืจื™"ืฃ ืฉื; ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ื’ื•ืจืกื™ื ืงื•ื“ื "ื ืืžืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืชื• ื•ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืืžืจื•", ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ "ื•ื–ื•ื›ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช" (ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืจ"ื™ ืฉื™ืจืœื™ืื•ืŸ ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•; ืกืž"ื’ ืขืฉื™ืŸ ื›ื–, ื‘ืฉื ืžื•ืจื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืจ"ื™; ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ืจื"ืฉ ืฉื)[15], ื•ืœื“ืขื” ื–ื• ื ื—ืœืงื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื: ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืชืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”' ื–ื•ื›ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช (ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื˜ืจื™ (ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ืฅ) ืชืงื›ื˜; ืจืื‘"ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืจ); ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืชืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื, ืืœื ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื: "ื•ื–ื•ื›ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช" (ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื ื“"ื” ื”ืœื›ืš, ื‘ืฉื ืจ"ื™; ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืจ"ื™ ืฉื™ืจืœื™ืื•ืŸ ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•; ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ืจื"ืฉ ืฉื).

ื˜ืขื ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”: ื›ืฉืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืงืฉืช ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉื ืฉื‘ืข ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืžื‘ื•ืœ ืœืขื•ืœื, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ืึถืช ืงึทืฉึฐืืชึดึผื™ ื ึธืชึทืชึดึผื™ ื‘ึถึผืขึธื ึธืŸ ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึฐืชึธื” ืœึฐืื•ึนืช ื‘ึฐึผืจึดื™ืช ื‘ึตึผื™ื ึดื™ ื•ึผื‘ึตื™ืŸ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื˜ ื™ื’), ื•ืœื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื™ืจื”, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื—ื” ืœืคื ื™ื•, ืืœื ืžืจืื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืฉืจื‘ื• ืจืฉืขื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืืœืžืœื ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ืจื™ื‘ื• (ืื‘ื•ื“ืจื”ื, ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”, ื”ืฉื‘ื— ื•ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื”).

ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ืงืฉืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื”ืžืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ื” ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื›ื”ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืžื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ืจืื” ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื•, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืจืš, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืžืกืชื›ืœ ื›ืจื•ืื”, ื›ื™ ื”ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืžื“ืงื“ืง ื‘ื”ื‘ื˜ืชื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจื•ืื” (ืื‘ื•ื“ืจื”ื ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจื"ืฉ).

ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืจืš ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืœืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืช, ื›ืฉืจื•ืื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืงืฉืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื‘ืจืš, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื—ืœืคื” ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ื•ื–ื• ืื—ืจืช ื”ื™ื (ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉื ืกืง"ื‘).

ื“ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืฆื“ื™ืง ื’ืžื•ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื—ืจื‘, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืช ื ืจืื” ื‘ื•, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื ื™ื—ืจื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขื– ื‘, ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ื“"ื” ืื ื›ืŸ), ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื• ืฉื”ืงืฉืช ื ืจืื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืžื•ืฆื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื” (ื—ื™ื™ ืื“ื ืกื’ ื“, ื‘ืฉื ืกืคืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืฉืžื• ื ืขืœื ืžืžื ื•; ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉื ืกืง"ื, ื‘ืฉื ื”ื—ื™ื™ ืื“ื); ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื—ืœืง ืขืœื™ื•, ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ืžื ื”ื’ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืงืฉืช ืžืกืคืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื•, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื• ืฉืžื—ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืชื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœื”' ืืฉืจ ื‘ื—ืกื“ื• ื›ืจืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื ืœื”ืฉื—ื™ืช ืขื•ืœืžื• ืขื•ื“, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ืงืฉืช ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื›ื™ ื‘ืจืื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืืช ื”ืงืฉืช ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืจ ื•ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื—ืจื‘, ืืœืžืœื ืจื—ืžื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”' (ื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ืง ื’).

ืื™ืœื ื•ืช

ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื ื™ืกืŸ ื•ืจื•ืื” ืื™ืœื ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื‘ืœื‘ื™ื - ืฉืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืคืจื— (ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืื•"ื— ืจื›ื• ื) - ืื•ืžืจ: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืœื ื—ืกืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื• ื›ืœื•ื, ื•ื‘ืจื ื‘ื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืœื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื ืื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืžื’ ื‘, ืœื’ื™ืจืกืชื ื•; ืจื™"ืฃ ืฉื).

ื‘ืžืงื•ื "ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื•", ื™ืฉ ื”ื’ื•ืจืกื™ื: "ืžืขื•ืœืžื•" (ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื™ื ื, ืœื’ื™ืจืกืชื ื•; ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ื‘ืจื•ื›ืช ื•, ืขืž' ืขื’ ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื; ืจื"ืฉ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื• ืœื—).

ื‘ืžืงื•ื "ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืœื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช", ื™ืฉ ื”ื’ื•ืจืกื™ื: "ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื ืื•ืช" (ืชืฉื‘"ืฅ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื›ื‘, ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื ื• ื—ื ื ืืœ); ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื™ื: ื›ืฉื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื ื’ื“ืœื• ืื•ืžืจ: "ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื ืื•ืช", ื•ื›ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื’ื“ืœื• ืื•ืžืจ: "ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืœื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช" (ืชืฉื‘"ืฅ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื›ื‘, ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืกืฃ; ื”ืคืจื ืก ืฉืฆื•)[16]; ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ื’ื•ืจืกื™ื: "ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืœื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื ืื•ืช" (ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ ื™ื’; ืื‘ื•ื“ืจื”ื, ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”, ื”ืฉื‘ื— ื•ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื”).

ื‘ืžืงื•ื "ืœื”ืชื ืื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ", ื™ืฉ ื”ื’ื•ืจืกื™ื: "ืœื”ืชื ืื•ืช ื‘ื" (ืจื"ืฉ ืฉื); ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ื’ื•ืจืกื™ื: "ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื" (ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื) ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ื’ื•ืจืกื™ื: "ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ" (ืกืž"ืง ืงื ื; ืื•ืจ ื–ืจื•ืข ื—"ื ืงืขื˜; ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ ืฉื ื); ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ื’ื•ืจืกื™ื: "ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื" (ืกืž"ื’ ืขืฉื™ืŸ ื›ื–); ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ื’ื•ืจืกื™ื: "ืœื”ืชืขื“ืŸ ื‘ื”ื" (ื”ืคืจื“ืก ืœืจื‘ื™ ืืฉืจ ื ื‘ื™ื•, ื”ืจืื™ื”).

ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืื™ื ื ื’ื•ืจืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื: "ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื" (ืชืฉื‘"ืฅ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื; ื”ืคืจื ืก ืฉื; ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ื›ื–, ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืืจ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช)[17].

ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ื ื•ืกื—: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืœื ื—ืกืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื• ื›ืœื•ื, ื•ื‘ืจื ื‘ื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืœื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื (ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื; ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉื ื; ื—ื™ื™ ืื“ื ืกื’ ื‘; ืงืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ืก ื; ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื ื”ื ื™ืŸ ืœืจื‘ ื™ื’ ื™ื“).

ื•ื™ืžื™ ื ื™ืกืŸ ืฉืืžืจื• ื”ื•ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื“ืจืš ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื•ืช ืœืœื‘ืœื‘ ืื– ื”ืื™ืœื ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื—ืจ, ื›ืœ ืฉืจื•ืื” ื”ืœื‘ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” (ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื™ื ื; ื—ื™ื™ ืื“ื ืกื’ ื‘; ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉื ืกืง"ื, ื‘ืฉื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื), ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื—ื“ืฉ ืื“ืจ (ืฆื™ื“ื” ืœื“ืจืš ื ื’ ื›ื—; ืืœื™ื” ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ืกืง"ื, ื‘ืฉืžื•); ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืš ืืœื ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ (ื‘ืจื›ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื ืกืง"ื‘).

ื•ืื™ืœื ื•ืช ืžืœื‘ืœื‘ื™ื ืฉืืžืจื•, ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืงื ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืื™ืœื ื•ืช (ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื—"ื‘ ื›ื—), ื•ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื (ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืืฆื‘ืข ื–, ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื“ืงื“ืงื™ื), ื•ื“ื•ืงื ื‘ืคืจื— ืฉืœ ืื™ืœื ื™ ืžืื›ืœ, ืฉืžื”ืคืจื— ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ืชื’ื“ืœ ืคืจื™, ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืื™ืœื ื™ ืกืจืง ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื (ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉื; ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉื ืกืง"ื‘, ื‘ืฉื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื).

ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• ืืœื ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื‘ืฉื ื” (ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ื‘ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืงืžื—; ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื), ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืœ ืื™ืœื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื (ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉื ืกืง"ื’), ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืขืœ ื—ืกื“ื• ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื• ื™ืชื‘ืจืš (ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ ืฉื ื).

ืื ืื™ื—ืจ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขื“ ืฉื’ื“ืœื• ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื ื—ืœืงื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื:

  • ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื ืœื ืจืื” ืžืงื•ื“ื, ืœื ื”ืคืกื™ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”, ื•ื™ื‘ืจืš ืื—ืจ ืฉื’ื“ืœื• (ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฉื, ื•ืชืฉื‘"ืฅ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื›ื•, ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืกืฃ; ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืงื ื—; ื”ืคืจื ืก ืฉืฆื•; ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื, ืœืคื™ ื”ื‘"ื— ืฉื; ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ื”ื’ื”ื•ืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ), ืื‘ืœ ืื ืจืื” ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืจืš ืขืœื™ื”ื, ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ื™ื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืื—ืจ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื (ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื "ืœ; ืืœื™ื” ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ืกืง"ื‘; ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ ืฉื ื‘).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื—ืจ ืฉื’ื“ืœื• ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืœื ื™ื‘ืจืš ืฉื•ื‘ (ืืฉื›ื•ืœ (ืื•ื™ืขืจื‘ืš) ื—"ื ืขืž' 68; ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื, ืœืคื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื; ืฉื•"ืช ืžื”ืจื™"ืœ ืงืžื’; ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื), ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืงื‘ืข ืœื›ืœ ืคืจื™ ื•ืคืจื™ ื‘ืจื›ืชื•, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืจื›ืช ื‘ื•ืจื ืคืจื™ ื”ืขืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” (ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉื ื), ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื˜ืจื ืจืื” ืื™ืœื ื•ืช ืžืœื‘ืœื‘ื™ื (ืืฉื›ื•ืœ ืฉื; ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื).
  • ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื›ืžื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื”: ื™ืฉ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื›ื“ืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” (ืืœื™ื” ืจื‘ื” ืฉื; ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ ืฉื); ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื›ื“ืขื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” (ื‘ืจื›ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื ืกืง"ื‘); ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื™ื: ืื ื˜ืจื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืœืื›ื™ืœื”, ื™ื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื•ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืื›ื™ืœื”, ืœื ื™ื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื”ื (ืคืจื™ ืžื’ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืกืง"ื, ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืฉื•"ืข; ื—ื™ื™ ืื“ื ืกื’ ื‘ ื•ื ืฉืžืช ืื“ื ืฉื; ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉื ืกืง"ื“, ืฉื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžื”ืคืจื™ ืžื’ื“ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื™ ืื“ื).

ื”ื›ืœ ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืงื•ื“ื ืฉื’ื“ืœื• ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืจืš ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉืœื ื‘ื™ืจืš ื‘ืฉืขืช ืจืื™ื™ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” (ืฉื•"ืช ืžื”ืจื™"ืœ ืฉื; ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉื ืกืง"ื”, ื‘ืฉืžื•).

ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื ืื•ืช

ื”ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช - ื ืื•ืช ื•ืžืชื•ืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ (ืจืžื‘"ื ื™ ื™ื’) - ื•ืื™ืœื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช - ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื™ื•ืช (ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื“) - ืื•ืžืจ: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉื›ื›ื” ืœื• ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื• (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื— ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืื•"ื— ืจื›ื” ื™)[18], ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืจืื” ื’ื•ื™ ื ืื” (ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื› ื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื) ืื• ื‘ื”ืžื” ื ืื” (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื ื˜; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื), ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ื–ื”:

  • ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื”ื ืืœื ืคืขื ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืื—ืจื™ื - ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืชืคืขืœื•ืช (ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ ืฉื) - ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ืจืื” ื ืื™ื ืžื”ื (ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจืื‘"ื“; ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื; ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ ืฉื).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื”ื ืื ืœื ืจืื” ืื•ืชื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืœืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื (ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™; ืฉื™ืจื™ ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื”ื’ื”ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื“; ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ืฉื ืก"ืง ื›ื), ืฉืœื“ืขืชื ืชืœื•ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืจื•ืื” ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื ื™ืกื™ื (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ. ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ืฉื)[19].

ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื ื•ืช

ื”ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืคื ื™ื”ื ืื• ื‘ืื‘ืจื™ื”ื (ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ ื™ื‘, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื— ื‘) ืžื‘ืจืš: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช (ื’ืž' ืฉื, ืœื’ื™ืจืกืชื ื•; ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื ื˜ ื; ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“"ื” ืื•ืžืจ; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื); ื•ื™ืฉ ื’ื•ืจืกื™ื: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช (ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ) ื• ื’; ืจื™"ืฃ ืฉื; ืจื"ืฉ ืฉื ื˜ ื™ื‘), ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื (ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืื•"ื— ืจื›ื” ื—). ื•ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื:

  • ื‘ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ื ื”, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืฆืขืจ ืžืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื”.
  • ื‘ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ื ื”, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืฆืขืจ ื‘ื›ืš.

ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ืฆืขืจ ืžืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื

ื™ืฉ ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืฉืชื ื• ืžืฉืืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช, ืืš ื”ื ืขืฆืžื ืื™ื ื ืžืฆื˜ืขืจื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื›ื™ ื‘ืฆื‘ื™ื•ื ื ื ื‘ืจืื• ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžื›ืื™ื‘ ืœื”ื, ื•ื”ืจื•ืื” ืื•ืชื ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžื—ืžืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื ืขืฆืžื ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืฆื˜ืขืจื™ื, ืืœื ื”ื•ื ืžืชืžื™ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื ื” ื›ื–ื• ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืœื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ "ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช" (ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉื ื˜):

  • ื”ื›ื•ืฉื™ (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช (ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ) ื• ื’; ื’ืž' ืฉื ื ื— ื‘; ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื ื˜ ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื ื—), ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“"ื” ื›ื•ืฉื™).
  • ื”ื’ื™ื—ื•ืจ (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื•ื’ืž' ื•ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื), ืฉื”ื•ื ืื“ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“"ื” ื’ื™ื—ื•ืจ; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื).
  • ื”ืœื•ื•ืงืŸ (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื•ื’ืž' ื•ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื), ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“"ื” ืœื•ื•ืงืŸ; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื).
  • ื”ื ื ืก (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื•ื’ืž' ื•ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื), ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” (ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื; ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื’).
  • ื”ืงืคื— (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื•ื’ืž' ื•ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื), ืฉื‘ื˜ื ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืžืชื•ืš ืขื•ื‘ื™ื• ื ืจืื™ืช ืงื•ืžืชื• ืžืงื•ืคื—ืช (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“"ื” ืงืคื—, ื‘ืกืชื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื), ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืืจื•ืš ื•ื“ืง - ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืงื•ืžืชื• (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื” ื‘ ื“"ื” ืฉืžื™ื˜ื”) - ื•ืคืจืฆื•ืคื• ืฉืžื•ื˜ ื•ื‘ื•ืœื˜ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื, ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ).
  • ื”ื“ืจื ื™ืงื•ืก (ื’ืž' ืฉื, ืœื’ื™ืจืกืชื ื•); ืื•: ื”ื“ืจืงื•ื ืก (ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื), ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื™ ืฉืžืœื ื™ื‘ืœื•ืช (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“"ื” ื”ื“ืจื ื™ืงื•ืก, ื‘ืกืชื, ื•ืื•ืฆืจ ืœืขื–ื™ ืจืฉ"ื™; ืจื‘ื ื• ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ืฉื, ื‘ืกืชื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื), ืื• ืฉืคื™ื• ืขืงื•ื (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื, ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ; ืจื‘ื ื• ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ืฉื, ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ); ื•ื™ืฉ ื’ื•ืจืกื™ื: ื‘ืจื“ื ื™ืงื•ืก (ืขืจื•ืš, ื‘ืจื“ื ื™ืงื•ืก), ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื™ ืฉืงื•ืžืชื• ืืจื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื (ืขืจื•ืš ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ื’ืื•ืŸ, ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉื›ืš ืคืชืจื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื; ืื‘ื•ื“ืจื”ื, ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”, ื”ืฉื‘ื— ื•ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื”, ื‘ืฉื ื”ืขืจื•ืš ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉืจื™ืจื).
  • ืคืชื•ื™ ืจืืฉ (ื’ืž' ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื), ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื™ ืฉื›ืœ ืฉืขืจื• ื“ื‘ื•ืง ื–ื” ืœื–ื” (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“"ื” ืคืชื•ื™ื™ ืจืืฉ; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื); ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืžื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจืืฉื• ืกื’ืœื’ืœ, ืืœื ืจื—ื‘, ืฉืจึนื—ึทื‘ ืึทืจึฐืฆึฐืšึธ (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื— ื—) ืชืจื’ื•ืžื•: ืคืชืื™ ืืจืขืš (ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืฉื. ืขืจื•ืš, ืคืชื™)[20].

ื•ืื ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•, ืœื ื™ื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ (ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉื ืก"ืง ื›ื“).

ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืคื™ืœ ื•ื”ืงื•ืฃ (ื’ืž' ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื), ื•ื”ืงื™ืคื•ืฃ (ื’ืž' ืฉื, ืœื’ื™ืจืกืชื ื•) - ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ึทื™ึทึผื ึฐืฉืื•ึผืฃ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื ื™ื–) ืฉืชืจื’ื•ืžื• ืงืคื•ืคื (ืื•ื ืงืœื•ืก ืฉื. ืื‘ื•ื“ืจื”ื, ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”, ื”ืฉื‘ื— ื•ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื”), ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืœืกืชื•ืช ื•ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืื“ื (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ืงืคื•ืฃ; ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืกื‘ ื‘), ื•ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ื• ื›ืฉืœ ืื“ื (ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืฉื); ื•ื™ืฉ ื’ื•ืจืกื™ื: ื•ื”ืงื™ืคื•ื“ (ืจื™"ืฃ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื). ื•ื‘ืืจื• ืฉืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืื“ื ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื (ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื).

ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืฆืขืจ ืžืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื

ืื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืขืฆืžื ืžืฆื˜ืขืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื, ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื›ืื‘ ื‘ื›ืš, ืืœื ืฉืื ื ื•ืœื“ื• ื›ืš ืžื‘ื˜ืŸ ืืžื ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืฆืขืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื—ืœื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืชื (ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืื•"ื— ืจื›ื” ื˜): ืื ื ื•ืœื“ื• ื›ืš ืžืžืขื™ ืืžื ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ืื ื ืฉืชื ื• ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื: ื‘ืจื•ืš ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžืช (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื— ื‘; ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื ื˜ ื, ืœื’ื™ืจืกืชื ื•; ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ ื™ื‘; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื ื˜)[21], ื•ืืœื• ื”ืŸ:

  • ื—ื™ื’ืจ (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช (ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ) ื• ื’; ื’ืž' ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื)[22];
  • ืงื™ื˜ืข;
  • ืกื•ืžื;
  • ืžื•ื›ื” ืฉื—ื™ืŸ (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืฉื; ื’ืž' ืฉื; ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื);
  • ื•ื‘ื”ืงืŸ (ื’ืž' ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื) - ืžื ื•ืžืฉ - ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ืขื“ืฉื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืงืฆืช, ืืœื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื“ืฉื” ืœืขื“ืฉื” ื™ืฉ ืœื•ื‘ืŸ ืฆื—, ื•ืขืœ ืฉื ืื•ืชื• ื”ืœื•ื‘ืŸ ื ืงืจื ื‘ื”ืงื ื™ (ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉืงืœ ืฉื ืก"ืง ื™ื–);

ื•ื›ืœ ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื”ื (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื).

ื•ืื ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•, ืœื ื™ื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ืœื ื’ื ืื™ (ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉื ืก"ืง ื›ื“).

ืžืชื™ ืžื‘ืจืš ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”

ื ื—ืœืงื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื™ืžืชื™ ืžื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจื›ืช ืžืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช:

  • ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ืจืš ืืœื ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืฉื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืžืื“ (ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื; ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจืื‘"ื“; ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืฉืœื ืจืื” ื›ืŸ ืฉืœืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื ืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื• (ืžืื™ืจื™ ื•ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื“ืขืชื; ืจืž"ื ืฉื).

ื”ื›ืœ ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืื ืจืื” ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื•, ืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื• ืืฃ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืœืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื (ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื’).

ืื ืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื•

ืื ืžื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจื›ืช ืžืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจื›ืช ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžืช ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ ืขืœื™ื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืื” ื’ื•ื™ ืžื•ื›ื” ืฉื—ื™ืŸ, ื ื—ืœืงื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื:

  • ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืš ืืฃ ื‘ืจื›ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ ืขืœื™ื” (ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ื‘ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื; ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื, ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืื‘"ื“ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ื˜ื•ืจ; ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืื•ืžืจ).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื›ืช ืžืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช - ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ื” ืฉื”ืื“ื ืžืชืžื™ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื ื” ื›ื–ื• (ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉื) - ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืจืš ืืฃ ืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ ืขืœื™ื• (ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžื”ืจืื‘"ื“, ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืคืกืงื™ื ืจื‘; ื‘"ื— ืฉื ื•ื˜"ื– ืฉื ืกืง"ื, ื•ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื ืก"ืง ื™ื—, ื‘ื“ืขืชื•), ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื›ืช ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžืช ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืš ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ ืขืœื™ื•, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื ืื” ืœืจื•ืื”, ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื’ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืš (ืจืื‘"ื“ ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื, ื•ืื‘ื•ื“ืจื”ื, ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”, ื”ืฉื‘ื— ื•ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื”, ื‘ืฉืžื•; ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉื, ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ), ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ ืขืœื™ื• (ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉื ืก"ืง ื›ื—).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืจืš ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื’ื ื›ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืœ ื’ื•ื™ (ืื‘ื•ื“ืจื”ื ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจ"ื ืื‘"ื“; ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื“ืขืชื•), ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื ืจืื™ื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื (ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื)[23].

ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ื, ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”

ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื ืชืงื ื• ืขืœ ืจืื™ื™ืช ื‘ืชื™ื, ืงื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ืœื ืจืื” ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฉืœืฉื™ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืจืื™ื™ืชื• ื–ื• (ื”ื’ื”ื•ืช ืžื™ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ ื™; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืื•"ื— ืจื›ื“ ื™ื’):

ื‘ืชื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื ื•ื—ื•ืจื‘ื ื

ื”ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืชื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื ืื•ืžืจ: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืฆื™ื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืืœืžื ื”, ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืจื‘ื ื: ื‘ืจื•ืš ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžืช (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื— ื‘, ืœื’ื™ืจืกืชื ื•; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื ื™)[24], ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ:

  • ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื (ืจื™"ืฃ ืฉื, ืœื’ื™ืจืกืชื ื•; ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื; ื›ืœื‘ื• ืคื–; ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช), ืฉื”ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืžื‘ืจืš ืžืฆื™ื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืืœืžื ื”, ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ื—ืจื‘ ืžื‘ืจืš ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžืช (ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื)[25], ื•ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ (ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉื ืก"ืง ื™ื“), ื•ื ื”ื’ื• ื›ื“ืขื” ื–ื• ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ (ื‘"ื— ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ืžื”ืจืฉ"ืœ; ืืœื™ื” ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ืกืง"ื–), ื›ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื™ื•ืคื™ื ื•ืชื™ืงื•ื ื (ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉื ืก"ืง ื™ื“)[26].
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื "ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™" (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“"ื” ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืฆื™ื‘; ืคืกืงื™ ืจื™"ื“ ืฉื; ื”ืคืจื“ืก ืœืจื‘ื™ ืืฉืจ ื ื‘ื™ื•, ื”ืจืื™ื”, ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืขื™ื” ื”ื–ืงืŸ; ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื).

ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ:

  • ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœื“ืขื” ื–ื• ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืœื ืฉื˜ืŸ ื•ื‘ืœื ืคื’ืข ืจืข, ื•ื ืงื˜ื• "ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™", ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืงื•ื“ื ืฉื’ืœื• ืœื‘ื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื›ืŸ, ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ื ื‘ืฉื ืืœืžื ื” (ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื). ื•ื ืกืชืคืงื• ืœืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื–ื” ืื ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืงื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช (ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื, ืœื“ืขืช ืจืฉ"ื™); ืื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืชื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื•ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชืงืคื ื•ื‘ื›ื—ื (ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื; ื‘"ื— ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื”ืจืฉ"ืœ, ื‘ื“ืขืช ืจืฉ"ื™), ืฉื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ "ื›ื’ื•ืŸ" ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื ื” ื“ื•ืงื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืืœื ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื– ื‘ืฉื•ื‘ื ืžื”ื’ื•ืœื” (ืขื•ืœืช ืจืื™ื” ื—"ื‘ ืขืž' ืชื›ื‘).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœื“ืขื” ื–ื• ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ืจืื” ื‘ื™ืช ืžื‘ืชื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื• ื•ืœื ื ื—ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืก ื”ืจืฉืข, ืฉืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื• ืžืฆื™ื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืืœืžื ื”, ืื• ืฉืจืื” ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื–ื” ืฉื ื—ืจื‘ ืฉืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื• ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžืช (ื”ืคืจื“ืก ืฉื, ืœื“ืขื” ื–ื•).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคืš, ืฉืœื“ืขื” ื–ื• ืœื ื ืชืงื ื” ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืืœื ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ื—ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื—ื–ืจื• ื•ื ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืชื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื—ืจื‘ื• ืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžืช (ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™).

ื•ืืฃ ืœื“ืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืืœื ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช, ื›ืชื‘ื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืจื‘ื ื, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืœื ื ืชืงื ื” ื‘ืจื›ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ื ืจืขื“ ื•ืžืฉืชื•ืžื ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื• ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฆืขืจ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืœื• ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืœื‘ ืฉืืฃ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื—ืจื‘ ื•ื“ื™ื• ืœืขื‘ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืจื‘ื• (ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื).

ื‘ืชื™ ื’ื•ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื ื•ื—ื•ืจื‘ื ื

ื”ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืชื™ ื’ื•ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื ืื•ืžืจ: ื‘ึตึผื™ืช ื’ึตึผืึดื™ื ื™ึดืกึทึผื— ื”' (ืžืฉืœื™ ื˜ื• ื›ื”), ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืจื‘ื ื: ืึตืœ ื ึฐืงึธืžื•ึนืช ื”' (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืฆื“ ื. ื’ืž' ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื ื™ื), ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื: ืึตืœ ื ึฐืงึธืžื•ึนืช ื”ื•ึนืคึดื™ืข (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืฉื. ื’ืž' ืฉื, ืœื’ื™ืจืกืช ืขื™ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘), ื•ื›ืชื‘ื• ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช:

  • ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช, ื™ื‘ืืจื• ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื’ื•ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืชื™ ื™ืจืื” ืฉืœื”ื, ืฉื›ืฉืจื•ืื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ืจืื” ืฉืœื”ื ืื•ืžืจ ืคืกื•ืง ื–ื”, ื•ื–ื” ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืขืœ ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ืขืฆืžื” (ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ. ื‘"ื— ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ืžื”ืจืฉ"ืœ, ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื™"ืฃ).
  • ื•ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื "ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™" ื™ืกื‘ืจื• ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื’ื•ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื•ื” ื•ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื•ืขื•ืฉืจ (ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื ืกืง"ื˜, ื‘ื“ืขืช ืจืฉ"ื™, ืœืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ืขื” ื–ื•).

ืงื‘ืจื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื”ืจื•ืื” ืงื‘ืจื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื— ื‘), ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ืžื”ื• ืื•ืžืจ:

  • ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžื—ื™ื” ื”ืžืชื™ื (ืกืชืžื ื“ื’ืž' ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื˜ ื‘).
  • ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ื‘ืจื•ืš ื ืืžืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื• ื•ืžื—ื™ื” ื”ืžืชื™ื (ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืฉื).
  • ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžืกืคืจ ื›ื•ืœื›ื (ืคืกื™ืงืชื ืจื‘ืชื™ ื™ื‘, ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•).
  • ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ื”ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžืกืคืจื›ื ื”ื•ื ื™ืขื•ืจืจ ืืชื›ื, ื”ื•ื ื™ื’ืœื” ืืช ื”ืขืคืจ ืžืขืœ ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื, ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”' ืžื—ื™ื” ื”ืžืชื™ื (ื’ื ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ).
  • ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ื‘ืจื•ืš ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžืกืคืจื›ื ื”ื•ื ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื“ื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ืงื™ืžื›ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”' ื ืืžืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื• ืžื—ื™ื” ื”ืžืชื™ื (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืฉื (ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ) ื• ื•).
  • ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจื ืืชื›ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื”ืžื™ืช ืืชื›ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืชื›ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ (ืคืกื™ืงืชื ืจื‘ืชื™ ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ื™ืฉ ืžืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•).
  • ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆืจ ืืชื›ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื›ืœื›ืœ ืืชื›ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ืกื™ืœืง ืืชื›ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืชื›ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ, ื”ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžืกืคืจื›ื ื”ื•ื ื™ื’ืœื” ืขืคืจ ืžืขื™ื ื™ื›ื, ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”' ืžื—ื™ื” ื”ืžืชื™ื (ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื ื™ื ื, ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื).
  • ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆืจ ืืชื›ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื–ืŸ ืืชื›ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื›ืœื›ืœ ืืชื›ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ืืกืฃ ืืชื›ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ืงื™ืžื›ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ (ืกืชืžื ื“ื’ืž' ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื, ืœื’ื™ืจืกืชื ื•).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื ื•ืกื— ื–ื” ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื•: ื•ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžืกืคืจ ื›ื•ืœื›ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืชื›ื, ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”' ืžื—ื™ื” ื”ืžืชื™ื (ืžืจ ื‘ืจื™ื” ื“ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืฉื, ืœื’ื™ืจืกืชื ื•), ื•ื›ืŸ ืคืกืงื• ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื (ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื•, ืขืž' ืคื— ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื; ืจื™"ืฃ ืฉื; ื”ืืฉื›ื•ืœ (ืืœื‘ืง), ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื•ื“ืื”, ืœื‘ ืข"ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ ื™; ืจื"ืฉ ืฉื ื˜ ื™ื; ื˜ื•ืจ ืื•"ื— ืจื›ื“).

ืื›ืŸ ื’ืจืกื• ื‘ื” ื’ื™ืจืกืื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื–ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืกืงื™ื:

ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆืจ ืืชื›ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื–ืŸ ืืชื›ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื›ืœื›ืœ ืืชื›ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื“ืŸ ืืชื›ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื”ืžื™ืช ืืชื›ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืชื›ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžืกืคืจ ื›ื•ืœื›ื, ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”' ืžื—ื™ื” ื”ืžืชื™ื (ืจื™"ืฃ ืฉื).

ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆืจ ืืชื›ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื“ืŸ ืืชื›ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื›ืœื›ืœ ืืชื›ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื”ืžื™ืช ืืชื›ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืชื›ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื, ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”' ืžื—ื™ื” ื”ืžืชื™ื (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื).

ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆืจ ืืชื›ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื–ืŸ ืืชื›ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื›ืœื›ืœ ืืชื›ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื”ืžื™ืช ืืชื›ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืชื›ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืงื™ืžื›ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”' ืžื—ื™ื” ื”ืžืชื™ื (ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื).

ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• ื ืชืงื ื” ืขืœ ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื™ื (ื’ืž' ื•ืจื™"ืฃ ื•ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ืจื"ืฉ ื•ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื), ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืกืข ื‘ืขื’ืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ืจืื™ื™ืชื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ื”ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืœืงื‘ืจื™ื ืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ืจืื™ื™ืชื, ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืš ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืืจื‘ืข ืืžื•ืช ืžื”ืงื‘ืจื™ื (ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ ืฉื ื—)[27]. ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืงื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ืจืฉืขื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• (ืฉื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืœ)[28].

ื•ืื ืจืื” ื‘ื™ืช ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจ, ืžื‘ืจืš ืืฃ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืœืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื (ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื ืจื™ื‘; ื‘ืจื›ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื ืกืง"ื•, ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื”ืจ"ื ืื–ื•ืœืื™; ื‘ืืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืฉื ืกืง"ื˜; ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ ืฉื), ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ื ืชื—ื“ืฉื• ื‘ื• ืงื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืœืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจืš ืฉื•ื‘, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืขืœ ืื•ืชื ืฉื ืชื•ืกืคื• ืœื ื‘ื™ืจืš ืงื•ื“ื (ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจื“ื‘"ื– ื’ ืชืงืกื˜, ื‘ืฉื ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื; ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ ืฉื), ืืš ืื ื™ืฉ ืกืคืง ืื ื ืชื•ื•ืกืคื• ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ืจืš (ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจื“ื‘"ื– ืฉื; ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ ืฉื).

ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• ืขืœ ืงื‘ืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“ (ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉื; ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ ืฉื), ืฉืฉืžื ื”ื•ื ื ืืกืฃ ืฉืœื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ, ื›ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื’ืžืจื ืฉืžืœืืš ื”ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื— ืฉืœื™ื— ืœื”ืžื™ืช ืืช ืžืจื™ื ืžื’ื“ืœื ืฉื™ืขืจ ื ืฉื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ื— ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื• ืืช ืžืจื™ื ืžื’ื“ืœื ื“ืจื“ืงื™ (ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื“ ื‘), ื•ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœื™ื• "ื•ื”ืžื™ืช ืืชื›ื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ", ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ "ืืชื›ื" ืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืจื‘ื™ื (ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉื); ื•ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ื‘ื–ื” (ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจื“ื‘"ื–), ื•ืžืกืงื ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื‘ืจืš ืœืœื ืฉื ื•ืžืœื›ื•ืช (ื•ื™ืฆื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื“; ื‘ืืจ ืžืฉื” ื‘ ื™ื’-ื™ื“). ื•ื”ื›ืœ ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืื” ืงื‘ืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืงื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื• ืฉื ื™ื ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ืจืš (ืื”ืœืš ื‘ืืžืชืš ืขืž' ืงืขื•).

ื•ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืžื‘ืจื›ืช ืžื—ื™ื” ื”ืžืชื™ื ืฉื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื”, ืž"ืืชื” ื’ื‘ื•ืจ" ืขื“ "ื•ื ืืžืŸ ืืชื” ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื™ื" (ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื; ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื—"ื ื›ื˜ ื™ื–, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืžื ื”ื’), ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืžืงื•ืจ ื•ืœื ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืคื•ืกืงื™ื (ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื—"ื‘ ื•)[29].

ืงื‘ืจื™ ื’ื•ื™ื

ื”ืจื•ืื” ืงื‘ืจื™ ื’ื•ื™ื ืื•ืžืจ: ื‘ึผื•ึนืฉึธืื” ืึดืžึฐึผื›ึถื ืžึฐืึนื“ ื—ึธืคึฐืจึธื” ื™ื•ึนืœึทื“ึฐืชึฐึผื›ึถื ื”ึดื ึตึผื” ืึทื—ึฒืจึดื™ืช ื’ึผื•ึนื™ึดื ืžึดื“ึฐื‘ึธึผืจ ืฆึดื™ึธึผื” ื•ึทืขึฒืจึธื‘ึธื” (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืฉื. ื’ืž' ืฉื; ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื).

ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”

ื”ืจื•ืื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” (ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ ื˜, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื– ื‘; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืื•"ื— ืจื›ื“ ื) ืื•ืžืจ: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉื ืชืŸ ืืจืš ืืคื™ื ืœืขื•ื‘ืจื™ ืจืฆื•ื ื• (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื– ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื); ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืจืš ืืคื™ื (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช (ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ) ื• ื‘; ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื ื˜ ื). ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื›ื”, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืžื›ืš ืฉื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ืžืœืžื“ ืฉื”' ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืœื” ื—ืœื™ืœื”, ืืœื ืฉื–ื”ื• ืžืžื™ื“ืช ืืจืš ืืคื™ื, ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžืืจื™ืš ืืคื• ืขื“ ืฉื’ื•ื‘ื” (ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ ืฉื ื).

ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืจืงื•ืœื™ืก (ื’ืž' ืฉื; ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื), ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื•ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืฉื), ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ:

  • ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• ื ืชืงื ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” (ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื ื“"ื” ื”ืจื•ืื”, ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื‘ืกืชื; ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ืจื"ืฉ ืฉื, ื‘ืžืกืงื ืชื•; ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื), ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื), ื•ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื•ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืจืงื•ืœื™ืก, ืืœื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื” (ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื•ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ืจื"ืฉ, ื•ื”ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื), ืื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื›ืœ ืจื•ืื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื–ื•, ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืŸ ืฉืืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ืจืื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื™ื (ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ. ื‘"ื— ืฉื).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• ื ืชืงื ื” ืจืง ืขืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”, ืื• ืฉืžืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืงื˜ "ืžืจืงื•ืœื™ืก", ืฉื ืฉืชื ืชื” ืžื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”, ืฉืจื•ื’ืžื™ื ื‘ื” ืื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื”ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ื” ืœื‘ื“ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื” (ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื ื“"ื” ื”ืจื•ืื”, ื”ืฉื ื™, ื‘ืฉื ืจ"ื™; ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ืจื"ืฉ ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ื™ืฉ ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ; ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ื”ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช).

ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืื ืžื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• ืืฃ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ืจืื” ืฉืœื”ื (ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ืจื"ืฉ ืฉื, ื•ืžื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืงืฆื—; ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื ื™ื; ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื ืกืง"ื‘, ื‘ืฉืžื•); ืื• ืจืง ืขืœ ืฆืœื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” (ื‘"ื— ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื”ืจืฉ"ืœ, ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื™"ืฃ, ื•ืฉื ื, ื‘ืกืชื).

ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื•, ืœืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื - ืื• ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื (ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ืจื"ืฉ ืฉื; ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืฉื) - ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื (ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื ื“"ื” ื”ืจื•ืื”, ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ; ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื, ืœื’ื™ืจืกืช ื”ื‘"ื—; ืจืž"ื ืฉื). ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ืœืš ืœืขื™ืจ ืื—ืจืช ื•ืจืื” ืฉื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืื” ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ืจื• ืชื•ืš ืฉืœืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื, ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ืจืš (ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื ืกืง"ื’); ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืื” ืื•ืชื ืชื•ืš ืฉืœืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื” - ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ืจืš (ืืœื™ื” ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ืกืง"ื; ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉื ืกืง"ื’, ื‘ืฉืžื•).

ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืขืงืจื” ืžืžื ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”

ื”ืจื•ืื” ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืขืงืจื” ืžืžื ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”, ืื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื•ืžืจ: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืขืงืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ืžืืจืฆื ื• (ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื“ ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ ื˜; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืื•"ื— ืจื›ื“ ื‘)[30], ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ืื•ืžืจ: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืขืงืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ืžื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื, ืœื’ื™ืจืกืช ืกืž"ื’ ืขืฉื™ืŸ ื›ื–, ื•ืจื"ืฉ ืฉื ื˜ ื•, ื•ืจื‘ื ื• ื™ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื’ ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื)[31].

ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืชื•ืกืคืช ืชื—ื™ื ื”, ื•ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ื”:

ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ื‘ื”: ื™ื”ื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืžืœืคื ื™ืš ื”' ืืœื”ื™ื ื• ื•ืืœื”ื™ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื ื˜ ื), ื•ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื–ื”: ื™ื”ื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืžืœืคื ื™ืš ื”' ืืœื”ื™ื ื• (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช (ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ) ื• ื‘); ื•ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืชื—ื™ื ื”: ื›ืฉื ื•ื›ื•' (ื’ืž' ืฉื ื ื– ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื; ืกืž"ื’ ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื).

ืืฃ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื” ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืขื™ืงืจื”: ื›ืฉื ืฉืขืงืจืช ืื•ืชื” ืžื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”, ื›ืŸ ืชืขืงื•ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช, ื•ื”ืฉื‘ ืœื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื”ื ืœืขื‘ื“ืš (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื’ืž' ืฉื)[32].

ืืœื ืฉื‘ืกื™ื•ืžื” ื ื—ืœืงื• ืชื ืื™ื:

  • ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ืžืกื™ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ื ื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื "ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช", ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ "ื•ื”ืฉื‘ ืœื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื”ื ืœืขื‘ื“ืš" (ืชื ื ืงืžื ื‘ื’ืž' ืฉื, ืœื’ื™ืจืกืชื ื•), ืฉืขืœ ืคื•ืฉืขื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืชืคืœืœ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“"ื” ืœื‘), ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” (ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืืฃ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ืžืกื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ื ื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืจ, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื›ึดึผื™ ืึธื– ืึถื”ึฐืคึนึผืšึฐ ืึถืœ ืขึทืžึดึผื™ื ืฉึธื‚ืคึธื” ื‘ึฐืจื•ึผืจึธื” ืœึดืงึฐืจึนื ื›ึปืœึธึผื ื‘ึฐึผืฉึตืื ื”' ืœึฐืขึธื‘ึฐื“ื•ึน ืฉึฐืื›ึถื ืึถื—ึธื“ (ืฆืคื ื™ื” ื’ ื˜. ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืืœืขื–ืจ ืฉื).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืจ; ืื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžืจื” ื›ืœืœ (ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžื”ื’ืž' ืฉื, ืœื’ื™ืจืกืช ืขื™ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘; ื”ืจื"ื” ืฉื; ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืฆืช ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื).

ืืฃ ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื ื—ืœืงื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื:

  • ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ื ื” ืขื“ "ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช" (ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื).
  • ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ื ื” ืขื“ ืชื•ืžื”, ืืฃ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื), ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ื›ืœืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” (ื”ืจื"ื” ืฉื; ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ื‘ืื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“, ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื’ ื—).

ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ืฉื ืขืงืจื” ืžืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ื•ื”ื•ืฉืžื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ

ื”ืจื•ืื” ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืขืงืจื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ืžืฉื ื•ื ืชื ื•ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ, ืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืขืงืจื” ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืขืงืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”, ื•ืขืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืชื ื•ื” ืœืฉื ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉื ืชืŸ ืืจืš ืืคื™ื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื; ืจืž"ื ืฉื).

ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”

ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ืื•ืžืจ: ื‘ึตึผื™ืช ื’ึตึผืึดื™ื ื™ึดืกึทึผื— ื”' (ืžืฉืœื™ ื˜ื• ื›ื”. ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื). ืจืื” ืื•ืชื ืžื–ื‘ืœื™ื - ืžื–ื‘ื—ื™ื (ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื™ื— ื‘ ื“"ื” ืฉืžื–ื‘ืœื™ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื ื• ืชื) - ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”, ืื•ืžืจ: ื–ึนื‘ึตื—ึท ืœึธืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื ื™ึธื—ึณืจึธื (ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื‘ ื™ื˜. ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื)[33].

ืขืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”, ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืžืœื›ื™ื

ืฉืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื•ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื”ืจื•ืื” ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื•ื ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืื—ื“ ืื•ืžืจ: ื‘ืจื•ืš ื—ื›ื ื”ืจื–ื™ื (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื— ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ ื™ื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืื•"ื— ืจื›ื“ ื”), ืฉืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ื”ื ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื ืฉื•ื”, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื—ื›ื ื”ืจื–ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ื‘ืœื‘ ื›ืœ ืืœื• (ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉื ื‘, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื’ืž' ืฉื ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ื“"ื” ื—ื›ื ื”ืจื–ื™ื).

ื•ืืžืจื•: ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ (ื’ืž' ืฉื), ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ:

  • ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื” ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉื ื“"ื” ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื), ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืขื˜ื™ื ืžืฉืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื•ื (ื“ืงื“ื•ืงื™ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืฉื, ืžื’ืž' ื‘ื›ืช"ื™, ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื•ื›ืชื‘ื•ื”ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื’ื’), ื•ืœืคื™ ื–ื” ืืฃ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ืื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ืจืš, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” (ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžื”ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื, ืฉืœื ื—ื™ืœืงื• ื‘ื–ื”).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”, ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืจืื” ืฉื ืฉืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื•ื ื›ืื—ื“ ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ืจืš (ื›ืกืฃ ืžืฉื ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื, ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื), ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ ืืœื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื; ืžืขื“ื ื™ ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื˜ ื—, ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื"ืฉ; ืืœื™ื” ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ืกืง"ื”).

ืฉืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื•ื ื’ื•ื™ื

ื”ืจื•ืื” ืฉืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื•ื ื’ื•ื™ื ืื•ืžืจ: ื‘ึผื•ึนืฉึธืื” ืึดืžึฐึผื›ึถื - ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืชื›ื (ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื  ื™ื‘; ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“"ื” ืืžื›ื; ืจื“"ืง ืฉื ื“"ื” ื‘ื•ืฉื”) - ืžึฐืึนื“ ื—ึธืคึฐืจึธื” ื™ื•ึนืœึทื“ึฐืชึฐึผื›ึถื - ืงื”ื™ืœืชื›ื (ืจื“"ืง ืฉื, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืฉื) - ื”ึดื ึตึผื” ืึทื—ึฒืจึดื™ืช ื’ึผื•ึนื™ึดื ืžึดื“ึฐื‘ึธึผืจ ืฆึดื™ึธึผื” ื•ึทืขึฒืจึธื‘ึธื” (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืฉื. ื’ืž' ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื); ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื ื—ื™ืœืงื• ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ืช ื—ื›ื ื”ืจื–ื™ื, ืืœื ื›ืชื‘ื•ื”ื• ืกืชื ืขืœ ืจืื™ื™ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช (ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ) ื• ื‘; ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื˜ ื; ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ื›ื ื‘; ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ืคื™ื ื—ืก ื™), ื•ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื›ืŸ ืืฃ ืขืœ ืจืื™ื™ืช ืฉืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื•ื ื’ื•ื™ื (ืžื”ืจ"ืฅ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื).

ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืžืœื›ื™ื

ื”ืจื•ืื” ื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื•ืžืจ: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื—ื›ืžืชื• ืœื™ืจืื™ื•, ื”ืจื•ืื” ื—ื›ืžื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืื•ืžืจ: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉื ืชืŸ ืžื—ื›ืžืชื• ืœื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื“ื (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื— ื, ื‘ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื”ืœื ืžืฆื•ื ื–ืจื™ื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืื•"ื— ืจื›ื“ ื•-ื–)[34], ื•ื“ื•ืงื ืื ืจืื” ื—ื›ืžื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื (ืกืž"ืง ืงื ื; ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื), ืื‘ืœ ืื ืื™ื ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืืœื ื‘ื“ืชื, ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื (ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื, ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืกืž"ืง; ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉื ื–; ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื ืกืง"ื”). ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื’ื“ืœื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืื• ื‘ืฉืืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ืœื ื ืชื‘ืืจ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืžื ืขื™ื ืขืชื” ืžื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• (ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ ืฉื ื•).

ื”ืจื•ืื” ืžืœื›ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื•ืžืจ: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืœื™ืจืื™ื•, ื•ื”ืจื•ืื” ืžืœื›ื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืื•ืžืจ: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉื ืชืŸ ืžื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืœื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื“ื (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื, ื‘ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื”ืœื ืžืฆื•ื ื–ืจื™ื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื ื—)[35]. ื•ืœืื• ื“ื•ืงื ืžืœืš, ืืœื ื›ืœ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืจื’ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉืžืฉื ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžื”ืŸ ืœืœืื• ื•ืžืœืื• ืœื”ืŸ ื›ืžืœืš ื”ื•ื ื•ืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื• (ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจื“ื‘"ื– ื ืจืฆื•, ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจ"ื ืื‘"ื“; ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจื“ื‘"ื–), ื•ืขืœ ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืฉืžืžื ื” ื”ืžืœืš, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื’ื–ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื‘ืจืš ื‘ืœื ืฉื ื•ืžืœื›ื•ืช, ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืคืกื™ื“ ื›ืœื•ื ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืฉื‘ื— ืœืงื‘"ื” ืฉื ืชืŸ ืžื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืœื”ื (ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจื“ื‘"ื– ืฉื)[36].

ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ืœื™ืจืื™ื•" ื•ื‘ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ืœื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื“ื", ืฉื—ื›ืžื™ ื•ืžืœื›ื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ื™ ื—ื›ืžืชื ืžืขืฆืžื ื•ืžืœื›ื•ืชื ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืจืชื, ืฉื›ืŸ ืืžืจ ืžืœืš ืืฉื•ืจ: ื‘ึฐึผื›ึนื—ึท ื™ึธื“ึดื™ ืขึธืฉึดื‚ื™ืชึดื™ ื•ึผื‘ึฐื—ึธื›ึฐืžึธืชึดื™ ื›ึดึผื™ ื ึฐื‘ึปื ื•ึนืชึดื™ (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื™ ื™ื’), ื•ื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืฆืจ ืžืœืš ื‘ื‘ืœ ืืžืจ: ืึถืขึฑืœึถื” ืขึทืœ ื‘ึธึผืžึณืชึตื™ ืขึธื‘ ืึถื“ึทึผืžึถึผื” ืœึฐืขึถืœึฐื™ื•ึนืŸ (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื™ื“ ื™ื“). ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื ื ื›ืŸ, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืืžืจ ืœื’ืœื™ืช: ืึทืชึธึผื” ื‘ึธึผื ืึตืœึทื™ ื‘ึฐึผื—ึถืจึถื‘ ื•ึผื‘ึทื—ึฒื ึดื™ืช ื•ึผื‘ึฐื›ึดื™ื“ื•ึนืŸ ื•ึฐืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ื‘ึธื ืึตืœึถื™ืšึธ ื‘ึฐึผืฉึตืื ื”' ืฆึฐื‘ึธืื•ึนืช ืึฑืœึนื”ึตื™ ืžึทืขึทืจึฐื›ื•ึนืช ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื™ื– ืžื”. ืื‘ื•ื“ืจื”ื, ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”, ื”ืฉื‘ื— ื•ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื”).

ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื ื ืชื ื• ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ืฉื—ืœืง" ื•ื‘ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื "ืฉื ืชืŸ":

  • ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ื ืžืฉืš ืžืŸ ื”ื ื”ืจ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื• ื•ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื• ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงืฆืจื• ื•ืœื—ืกืจื•, ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืชื ื” ื›ื™ ืชืœื•ืฉื” ื•ืคืกื•ืงื”, ื•ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืชื•ื‘: ื›ึดึผื™ ื—ึตืœึถืง ื”' ืขึทืžึผื•ึน (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื‘ ื˜), ื•ืœืคื™ ื–ื›ื•ืชื ืžืชืจื‘ื” ื•ืžืชืžืขื˜ (ืื‘ื•ื“ืจื”ื ืฉื).
  • ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”' ื•ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจื™ ื”ื ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉื, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื•ื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžื”ืฉื, ื•ื”ื ื›ืžื™ ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืžืชื ื” ืžื ื›ืกื™ื• ืฉืื™ื ื ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื• (ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื).
  • ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื—ื›ืžืชื• ื—ืœืง ืžืžืฉ ืžื”ื›ืœ, ื”ื™ื ื—ื›ืžืช ืชื•ืจืชื•, ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื›ืžืช ืขืฆืžื•ืชื• ืฉื›ื•ืœื” ืžืœืื” ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื‘ื” ื ื‘ืจื ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืœืžืœื›ื™ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืขืฆืžื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœื’ื•ื™ื ืœื ื—ืœืง ืžื—ื›ืžืช ืขืฆืžื•ืชื• ืืœื ื—ื›ืžื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ืœื ื ืชืŸ ืœืžืœื›ื™ื”ื ืžื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื”, ืืœื ืžืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื™ืจื•ื“ ื”ื ืžืฆื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื—ื ื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” (ื‘"ื— ืฉื).
  • ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ืงื‘"ื” ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ื—ื•ืก ืืœื™ื•, ื•ื”ื ื›ืžื• ื—ืœืง ืฉื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื“ืขืช ืžืžื™ ื ื—ืœืง, ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืŸ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ื—ื•ืก ืื—ืจ ื”ื ื•ืชืŸ, ื›ืžื• ืžืชื ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช (ื˜"ื– ืฉื ืกืง"ื).
  • ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื”ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื” ืžืืจืฅ ืžื™ื“ื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื ืขื“ ืชื›ื•ื ื”, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื™ื—ื™ื• ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืืœื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื”, ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื—ืœืง ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืŸ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื›ืœืœ ื—ื›ืžืชื ื”ื™ื ื—ื›ืžืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืœื•ืžื“ื” ื‘ื“ื•ื™ื” ืžืœื‘ื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื”ื, ืฉื™ื™ืš ื‘ื”ื ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื ืชื™ื ื”, ื›ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืœืžื“ื• ื›ืœ ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื™ื“ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื™ื—ื™ื• ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื™ื; ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื›ื™ื, ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืœืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืขืžื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื”ื’ื‘ืœื”, ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง, ืืš ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืœืš ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ืชื›ืกื™ืก ืžืœื›ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื ื™ืžื•ืกื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื ื•ืคืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžืชื ื”, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื”ื’ื‘ืœื” (ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉื ื–-ื—).

ื—ื›ื ืžื•ืคืœื’ ื‘ื—ื›ืžื”

ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ืฉื›ืฉืจืื” ืฉื ื™ ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืจื›ืช ื—ื›ื ื”ืจื–ื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื›ืฉืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื•ื ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื ืชื ื• ื‘ื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™-ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ื ืคื˜ืจ (ืจื‘ ื—ื ื™ื ื ื‘ืจื™ื” ื“ืจื‘ ืื™ืงื, ื›ืฉืจืื” ืืช ืจื‘ ืคืคื ื•ืจื‘ ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ืจื™ื” ื“ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข, ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื— ื‘), ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ:

  • ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืื•ืชื• ืืžื•ืจื, ื•ืื ืจื•ืื” ื—ื›ื ื”ืžื•ืคืœื’ ื‘ื—ื›ืžื” - ื”ืฉืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื“ื•ืช (ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืœืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืฉื; ืžืื™ืจื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื— ื, ื‘ืฉื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืื•ืžืจ) - ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื›ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื”, ืืœื ื‘ืจื•ืš ื—ื›ื ื”ืจื–ื™ื (ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื’ืž' ืฉื ื‘), ืื ืžื›ื™ืจ ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื›ื, ืฉืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘"ื—ื›ื ื”ืจื–ื™ื" - ืฉื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื - ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืžืฆื ื—ื›ื ืฉืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืจืื•ื™ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื• (ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื, ืœื“ืขื” ื–ื•). ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื•ืชื• ืืžื•ืจื ื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืกื‘ืจื ืœื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ืจืš (ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื, ืœื“ืขื” ื–ื•).
  • ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืื•ืชื• ืืžื•ืจื, ืืœื ืฉืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืงื ื›ืฉืจื•ืื” ืฉื ื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืœื’ื™ื ื‘ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ื•' (ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืื•ืžืจ).
  • ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืื•ืชื• ืืžื•ืจื, ืืœื ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืš (ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื).
  • ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืื•ืชื• ืืžื•ืจื (ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืœืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืฉื; ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื), ืฉืžื›ืš ืฉื ืชื ื• ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื• ืžื•ื›ื— ืฉื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืขืœื™ื•, ื•ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืžื•ืชื (ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืœืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืฉื), ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื˜ืขื ื‘ืจื›ืช "ื—ื›ื ื”ืจื–ื™ื", ืืœื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื” ื–ื” ืœื–ื”, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉืืžืจื• ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืฉืžื‘ืจืš ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื—ื›ืžืชื• ืœื™ืจืื™ื•, ื•ืœื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื–ื” (ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืฃ ืื•ืชื• ืืžื•ืจื ืœื ื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื•, ืืœื ืฉืืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื›ืฉืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื•ื, ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื”ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืกื‘ืจื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืœื•ืžืจ: ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื›ืฉืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื•ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื• (ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื, ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ).

ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• (ืจื™"ืฃ; ืจืžื‘"ื; ืฉื•"ืข), ื•ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื”ืœื›ื” ืฉืœื ืœื‘ืจื›ื”.

ืกื•ืžื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืžืœืš

ืืฃ ื”ืกื•ืžื ืžื‘ืจืš ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืœืš (ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื— ื, ื‘ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืื’ื“ื•ืช; ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืจื›ื“ ืกืง"ื•; ืคืจื™ ืžื’ื“ื™ื ืฉื, ืืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืกืง"ื•; ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ ืฉื ื•; ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉื ืก"ืง ื™ื), ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื”ื ืื” ืžื”ืจืื™ื” ื•ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืจืื™ื”, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืฉื”ืžืœืš ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืื™ืžืชื• ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืœ ืฉื•ืชืงื™ื, ื•ื ื™ื›ืจ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืœืกื•ืžื, ืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื• (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื— ื, ืœื’ื™ืจืกืช ืขื™ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘)[37].

ื–ืžื ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช

ื‘ืจื›ืช ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื›ื ื•ื”ืžืœืš ืžื‘ืจืš ืื—ืช ืœืฉืœืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื, ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ืจืื” ื—ื›ื ืื• ืžืœืš ืื—ืจ ืฉืžื‘ืจืš ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืœืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืจืื” ืžืื” ืžืœื›ื™ื ืื• ืžืื” ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื (ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจื“ื‘"ื– ื ืจืฆื•, ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจ"ื ืื‘"ื“).

ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•

ื”ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื• ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื•ืงื™ื™ืžื ื• ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื ื• ืœื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”, (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื— ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ ื‘; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืื•"ื— ืจื›ื” ื), ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื ื”ื ื” ื•ืฉืžื— ื‘ืจืื™ืชื• (ื‘ืจื›ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื ืกืง"ื; ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ ืฉื ื‘)[38].

ื•ื”ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื• ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ื—ื“ืฉ, ืื•ืžืจ: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžื—ื™ื” ื”ืžืชื™ื (ื’ืž' ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื, ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื)[39], ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื ืฉื›ื— ืžื”ืœื‘, ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืžืช ื ืฉื›ื— ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ื—ื“ืฉ (ืจื‘ื ื• ื™ื•ื ื” ื•ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื’ืž' ืฉื), ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉื—ื–ืจ ื•ืจืื”ื•, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื—ื™ื” (ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ื“ ืขื•)[40].

ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ืžื‘ืจืš

ื•ื›ืชื‘ื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืš ืืœื ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื• ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉืฉืžื— ื•ื ื”ื ื” ื‘ืจืื™ื™ืชื•, ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืจื›ืช ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ (ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื ื“"ื” ื”ืจื•ืื”, ื‘ืฉื ืจ"ื™; ืจื‘ื ื• ื™ื•ื ื” ืฉื); ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื•ื”ื• ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช (ืจื"ืฉ ืฉื; ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื), ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” (ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื).

ืื ืœื ืจืื”ื• ืžืขื•ืœื ื•ืจืง ื ืชื›ืชื‘ ืขืžื•

ื•ื›ืชื‘ื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ืจืื” ืžืขื•ืœื, ื•ืจืง ื ืชื›ืชื‘ื• ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื” (ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ืฉื; ื˜ื•ืฉ"ืข ืฉื ื‘), ื•ืฉื ื™ ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ:

  • ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื ืชื ื• ื˜ืขื ืœื“ื‘ืจ, ืฉืœื ืืžืจื• ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• ืืœื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื• ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืืฆืœื•, ืฉืœื ืชืงื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื ืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื“ื, ืืœื ืขืœ ื”ื ืื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช, ื•ื“ื™ ืœื ื• ื‘ืžื” ืฉืชืงื ื• (ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ืฉื).
  • ื•ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื ืชื ื• ื˜ืขื ืœื“ื‘ืจ, ืฉื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืจืื™ื™ืช ืคื ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืฉืžื•ื— ืขืžื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš (ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉื ื‘; ืคืจื™ ืžื’ื“ื™ื ืฉื, ืืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืกืง"ื’; ืฉืขืจื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื ืกืง"ื’).

ืœื˜ืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื• ื‘ื–ื” ื“ื™ืŸ, ืฉืžื™ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ืœื• ื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ื™ื, ืื ืจื•ืื”ื• ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ื—ื“ืฉ, ืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื• ืžื—ื™ื” ื”ืžืชื™ื, ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื”ื•, ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉืžื—ื” ื‘ื•ื•ืœื“ื• (ืคืจื™ ืžื’ื“ื™ื ืฉื).

ื•ืœื˜ืขื ื–ื” ื ืกืชืคืงื• ืื ืฉืžื— ืขืžื• ืžืื•ื“, ื”ืื ื ืืžืจ ืฉื™ื‘ืจืš, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื• ืžืกื•ืจื™ื ืœืœื‘, ืฉื•ื“ืื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืžื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœื” ืื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉืžื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืื• ืฉืœื ื—ืœืงื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื–ื”, ื•ื›ื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืกืชื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœืฉืžื•ื— ื›ืœ ื›ืš, ืœื ืชืงื ื• ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืจื›ื”, ื•ื”ืกื™ืง ืฉืื ื™ืจืฆื” ื™ื‘ืจืš ืœืœื ืฉื ื•ืžืœื›ื•ืช (ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืฆื“ืง (ื’ืจืžื™ื–ืŸ) ื›ื˜).

ืื ืœื ืจืื”ื• ืฉืœืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื ืื• ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืจืง ื ืชื›ืชื‘ ืขืžื•

ื‘ืจื›ืช ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ืื” ืขืœ ืฉืžื—ืช ืจืื™ื™ืชื• ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื, ืžื‘ืจืš ืื•ืชื” ื’ื ืื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืœืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื ื ืชื›ืชื‘ ืขืžื• (ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื“ื“ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื ืจื›; ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ ืฉื), ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื›ืช ืžื—ื™ื” ื”ืžืชื™ื ื”ื‘ืื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ืžื›ืš ืฉื ืชืขืœื ืžืžื ื• ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื—ื™ื”, ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ืจืš ืื•ืชื” ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืžืฉืœื•ืžื• ื›ืœืœ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืจืš ืžื›ืชื‘, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืžื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืื—ืจืช, ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ื—ื“ืฉ (ื‘ืจื›ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ืžื”ืจ"ื ืื–ื•ืœืื™, ืฉืฉืžืข ื›ืŸ; ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื“ื“ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉื; ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ ืฉื)[41].

ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื

  1. โ†‘ ื“, ื˜ื•ืจ' ืฉื ื-ืฉืกื’.
  2. โ†‘ ืœืฉื ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ืœื”ืœืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช: ื‘ืจื•ืš, ื•ื”ื›ื•ื ื”: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”' ืืœื”ื™ื ื• ืžืœืš ื”ืขื•ืœื.
  3. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืฉื“ื™ื™ืง ื‘ืฉืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ื›ื“ืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” (ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื ืกืง"ื); ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืคืงืคืงื• ื‘ื–ื” (ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืกืง"ื; ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ ืฉื ื’).
  4. โ†‘ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื ืกืชืคืงื• ืื ืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื ืก ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืœืื‘ื™ื•, ื•ืœื ืคืฉื˜ื• (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื˜ ื).
  5. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ื ื•ืกื—: ืฉืขืฉื” ื ืก ืœืื‘ื™ ืื‘ื ื•ื›ื•' (ืจื"ื” ืขืœ ื”ืจื™"ืฃ ืฉื).
  6. โ†‘ ืืš ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื›ื“ืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” (ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื ื™ืŸ ืœืจื‘ ื™ื’ ื).
  7. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื›ืจืช ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืืœื ืจืฉื•ืช (ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื).
  8. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ืื“ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื, ืฉื‘ืจืื™ื™ืช ืื“ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืื™ื ื• ืื‘ื™ื•, ืื ื”ื•ื ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื• ื™ื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืขืฉื” ืœืš ื ืก ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืจื•ืื”ื• (ืจื"ื” ืขืœ ื”ืจื™"ืฃ ืฉื).
  9. โ†‘ ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื ืกืชืคืงื• ื‘ื–ื” (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื˜ ื).
  10. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ืœืง ื•ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ืืžืจื• ืืœื ื‘ืจื‘ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจื‘ื• (ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื).
  11. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืจืš ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื‘ืจื•ืš ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช (ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ ืฉื ื“).
  12. โ†‘ ืืš ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœื” ื”ื™ื (ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ ืฉื ื‘)
  13. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ื ืืžืจ ืจืง ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ืกื ืื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฆืืช ื•ืœื‘ืจืš, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœื ื ืืžืจ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืจืš ื’ื ืื—ืจ ืฉืฉื”ื” ื›ื“ื™ ื“ื‘ื•ืจ (ื˜"ื– ืฉื ืกืง"ื‘).
  14. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”: ื‘ืจื•ืš ื ืืžืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืชื• ื–ื•ื›ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืฉื (ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ) ื• ื”), ืื• ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื–ื”: ื‘ืจื•ืš ื ืืžืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืชื• ื•ื–ื•ื›ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช (ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื).
  15. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ื’ื•ืจืกื™ื ื›ืกื“ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื "ื•ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืืžืจื•" ื’ืจืกื•: "ื•ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขืชื• (ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื ื“"ื” ื”ืœื›ืš, ื‘ืฉื ืจ"ื™; ืคืกืงื™ ื”ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื; ืกืž"ืง ืงื ื, ื‘ืฉื ืžื•ืจื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืจ"ื™, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื—ื“)
  16. โ†‘ ื•ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืื ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื’ื“ืœื• ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช.
  17. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ื• ื’ื•ืจืก ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืืœื "ืฉืœื ื—ืกืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื• ื›ืœื•ื" ื‘ืœื‘ื“ (ื”ืคืจื“ืก ืœืจื‘ื™ ืืฉืจ ื ื‘ื™ื•, ื”ืจืื™ื”, ื‘ืฉื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื’ื•ืจืก).
  18. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžื™ ืฉื›ื›ื” ืœื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื ืื•ืช (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช (ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ) ื• ื“); ืื•: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื ืื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื• (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื˜ ื); ืื•: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉื›ืš ืœื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื ืื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื• (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื ื˜).
  19. โ†‘ ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ืื” ื—ืžื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื”, ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื—ืžื”; ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ืื” ืœื‘ื ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื”, ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื”; ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ืื” ืœื‘ื ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื”, ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื™ืœื•ืชื, ื•ืžื–ืœื•ืช ื›ืกื“ืจื, ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื”.
  20. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืžื ื• ืืช ืคืชื•ื™ ื”ืจืืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืฆืขืจ ืžืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื (ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ. ืขืจื•ืš ืฉื).
  21. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื’ืจืก ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืœื”ื™ืคืš: ืฉืื ื ื•ืœื“ื• ื›ืš ืžืžืขื™ ืืžื ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื: ื‘ืจื•ืš ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื•ืื ื ืฉืชื ื• ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื (ืจืื‘ื™"ื” ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืงืžื•).
  22. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉืงื™ื˜ืข ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืขื™ ืืžื•, ืืœื ื—ื™ื’ืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ (ื‘"ื— ืฉื).
  23. โ†‘ ื•ืžื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื™ื: ื‘ืจื›ืช ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžืช ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืš ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื‘ืจื›ืช ืžืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช, ืชืœื•ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื ื•ืช: ืื ืจืื” ื‘ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืฆืžื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืฆื˜ืขืจืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื ื ืก, ืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื” ื’ื ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืฆืขืจ ื‘ืจืื™ื™ืชื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื‘ืื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื™ื”ื” ืฉื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฉื•ื ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื ืจืื” ื‘ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืฆื˜ืขืจืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื›ื” ืฉื—ื™ืŸ, ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื” ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืฆืขืจ ื‘ืจืื™ื™ืชื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื‘ืื” ืžืฉื•ื ื‘ืจื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื”, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืจื›ืช ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžืช ืขืœ ืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช (ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉื, ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™).
  24. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ื’ื•ืจืกื™ื: ื”ืจื•ืื” ื›ืจื›ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื”ืคืจื“ืก ืœืจื‘ื™ ืืฉืจ ื ื‘ื™ื•, ื”ืจืื™ื”).
  25. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืคืจืฉ ื‘ื“ืขื” ื–ื• ืฉืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืœื ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื“ ื•ืžื›ื•ื™ืจ, ืืœื ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ (ืจืื” ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืชืงืก ืกืง"ื‘), ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืืœื ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช (ืฆืœ"ื— ืฉื).
  26. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื—ืฉืฉ ืœื“ืขื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื ื•ื”ื’ืช ืืœื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช (ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ), ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ืŸ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ืืœื ื‘ืœื ืฉื ื•ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ (ืคืจื™ ืžื’ื“ื™ื ืฉื, ืžืฉื‘ืฆื•ืช ื–ื”ื‘ ืกืง"ื‘); ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉืœื ื ื”ื’ื• ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื•, ืžืคื ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืกืคื™ืงื•ืช, ื•ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืกืคืง ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืงืœ (ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ ืฉื ื–). ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืกื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ืจืื™ื™ืช ื‘ืชื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ. ืขื•ืœืช ืจืื™ื” ื—"ื ืขืž' ืฉืคื—), ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื‘ืจืš ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืคืชื— ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช, ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืœื“ืขื” ื–ื• (ื’ืื•ืœืช ืื•ืจ ื”ืฆื‘"ื™ ืขืž' 258, ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงื•ืง).
  27. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื ืชืงื ื” ืขืœ ืจืื™ื™ืชื ืืœื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื (ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื•ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื•ืคืกื™ืงืชื ืจื‘ืชื™ ืฉื), ื•ืœื ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืคื•ืกืงื™ื (ืขืœื™ ืชืžืจ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื), ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืœื“ืขื” ื–ื• (ืขืœื™ ืชืžืจ ืฉื).
  28. โ†‘ ืืฃ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื•, ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช (ืฉื•"ืช ืžื”ืจื™"ื ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉืขื; ืฉื“ื™ ื—ืžื“ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ ื™ื–).
  29. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืœื“ืœื’ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื•, ื•ืœื•ืžืจ: "ืจื‘ ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ืข ืžื›ืœื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื" ื•ื›ื•' (ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื); ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ืืช ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœื•, ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ "ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื”ืจื•ื—" ื•ื›ื•' ื•ื‘ืงื™ืฅ "ืžื•ืจื™ื“ ื”ื˜ืœ" (ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื, ืฉื”ืื•ืžืจ ื›ืŸ ืœื ื”ืคืกื™ื“); ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ "ืžื•ืจื™ื“ ื”ื˜ืœ", ื•ืžื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืชื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœ (ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื, ืฉื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืŸ).
  30. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื“ื•ืงื ื›ืฉื ืขืงืจื” ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ืขืงืจื” ืžืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ืื•ืžืจ: ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืขืงืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื, ืœื’ื™ืจืกืชื ื• ื•ื’ื™ืจืกืช ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืจื˜).
  31. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ ื’ื™ืจืกืื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”: "ืžืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”" (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื•ืจื‘ื ื• ื™ืจื•ื—ื ืฉื); "ืžื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”" (ืกืž"ื’ ื•ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื); "ืžืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”" (ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ืจื"ืฉ ื•ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื).
  32. โ†‘ ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืจืื” ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืฉื, ื’ืž' ืฉื, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื, ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื, ืกืž"ื’ ืฉื, ื•ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื.
  33. โ†‘ ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื‘ืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืฆืจ, ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื‘ื‘ืœ.
  34. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ื’ื•ืจืกื™ื ื‘ื—ื›ืžื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื: "ืืฉืจ ื ืชืŸ" (ืกืž"ืง ืงื ื); ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ื’ื•ืจืกื™ื ื”ืŸ ื‘ื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื—ื›ืžื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื "ืฉื ืชืŸ" (ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ ื™ื; ื›ืœื‘ื• ืคื–).
  35. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ื’ื•ืจืกื™ื ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื›ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื›ื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื "ืฉื ืชืŸ" (ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ ื™ื); ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ื’ื•ืจืกื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”ื "ืฉื—ืœืง" (ื›ืœื‘ื• ืฉื; ืจื•ืงื— ืฉืžื’; ืกืž"ืง ืฉื); ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ื’ื•ืจืกื™ื ื‘ืžืœื›ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืžืงื•ื "ืžื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•": "ืžื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื•ืžื’ื‘ื•ืจืชื• (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื).
  36. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• ื’ื ืื ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืื” ื”ืžืœืš, ืืš ื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ืžื (ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ. ื‘ืจื›ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื ืกืง"ื’, ื‘ืฉื ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฆื—ืงื™).
  37. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืฆื“ื“ ืฉืกื•ืžื ืฉืœื ืจืื” ืžืื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ืžื™ื• ื™ื‘ืจืš ืœืœื ืฉื ื•ืžืœื›ื•ืช (ืคืจื™ ืžื’ื“ื™ื ืฉื; ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉื, ื‘ืฉืžื•); ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืกื•ืžื ื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื•, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืœื‘ืจืš ืืœื ืขืœ ื”ื ืืช ื”ืจืื™ื” (ืืœื™ื” ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ืกืง"ื•), ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื‘ืืžื•ืจื ืฉืขืฉื” ื›ืŸ, ืฉืœื ื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจื›ื” ืืœื ืฉืืžืจ ืฉืื™ืœืช ืฉืœื•ื (ืืœื™ื” ืจื‘ื” ืฉื, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื’ืž' ืฉื, ืœื’ื™ืจืกืชื ื•).
  38. โ†‘ ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืฉืจื•ืื” ื‘ืชื• ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ).
  39. โ†‘ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ืจืš ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•, ืฉื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื— ืฉืœ ืžื—ื™ื” ื”ืžืชื™ื ื›ืœื•ืœ ื’ื ื”ืฉื‘ื— ืฉืœ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื• (ื‘"ื— ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื”ืจืฉ"ืœ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืขืžื•; ื‘ืจื›ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื ืกืง"ื’, ื‘ืฉื ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžืฉื”); ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ืกืชืคืง ื‘ื–ื” (ืžืขืฉื” ืจืงื— ืœืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื).
  40. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ืชืŸ ื˜ืขื ืื—ืจ: ืœืคื™ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื”ืื“ื ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื ืื ืœืžื•ืช ืื ืœื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ืื ืจื•ืื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื ื–ื”, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืื™ื ื ื• ืจื•ืื” ืื•ืชื• ืขื“ ืื—ืจ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ืขื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื“ื™ืŸ ืื ืœืžื•ืช ืื ืœืื•, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžื—ื™ื” ืžืชื™ื ืฉื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืžื“ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืชื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื (ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื ื‘ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืื’ื“ื•ืช ืฉื; ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉื ืกืง"ื“, ื‘ืฉืžื•).
  41. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉื’ื ื‘ืจื›ืช ืžื—ื™ื” ื”ืžืชื™ื ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืžื—ื” ืฉื”ืื“ื ืฉืžื—, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื•, ื’ื ืื ื™ื“ืข ืžืฉืœื•ืžื•, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ืชื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœื‘ืจืš ื’ื ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื• ืฉืœื ืจืื”ื• ืžืขื•ืœื, ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื• (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ) ืžื•ื›ื— ืฉืื™ื ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืจืื™ื™ื” ื›ืœืœ (ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืฆื“ืง ืฉื).