ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ืช:ื”ื™ื›ืœ

ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ

ื”ื’ื“ืจื”[1] - ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืœื ืœืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืงื“ืฉื™ื

ืžื”ื•ืชื•

ื‘ืฉื ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื ืงืจื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ-ื”ืงื“ืฉื™ื (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•), ื•ื ืงืจื ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืงื•ื“ืฉ (ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ), ืื• ืื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ ื‘ืžืฉื›ืŸ (ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื“ื•ืช ื“ ื•), ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ืฉื”ืื•ืœื ื‘ืžื–ืจื—ื• ืœื• ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืขืจ (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืื•ืœื), ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืงื“ืฉื™ื ืœืžืขืจื‘ื•, ืœืคื ื™ ื•ืœืคื ื™ื ืžืžื ื• (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืงื“ืฉื™ื).

  • ื›ืŸ ื ืงืจื ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ: ื•ึฐืึทืจึฐื‘ึธึผืขึดื™ื ื‘ึธึผืึทืžึธึผื” ื”ึธื™ึธื” ื”ึทื‘ึธึผื™ึดืช ื”ื•ึผื ื”ึทื”ึตื™ื›ึธืœ ืœึดืคึฐื ึธื™ (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื ื• ื™ื–), ื•ื›ืŸ: ืœึทื”ึตื™ื›ึธืœ ื•ึฐืœึทื“ึฐึผื‘ึดื™ืจ (ืฉื ื”).
  • ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืขืชื™ื“: ื•ึทื™ึฐื‘ึดื™ืึตื ึดื™ ืึถืœ ื”ึทื”ึตื™ื›ึธืœ (ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืžื ื).
  • ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™: ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ ืžืžื ื• (ื›ืœื™ื ื ื˜), ื•ื›ืŸ: ื™ืฆื - ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืงื“ืฉื™ื - ื•ื”ื ื™ื— ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ (ืžืฉื ื” ื™ื•ืžื ื ื’ ื‘).

ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื’ื "ืงื•ื“ืฉ", ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐื”ึดื‘ึฐื“ึดึผื™ืœึธื” ื”ึทืคึธึผืจึนื›ึถืช ืœึธื›ึถื ื‘ึตึผื™ืŸ ื”ึทืงึนึผื“ึถืฉื - ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื›ืœ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืžื ื—ื•ืช ื›ื– ื‘ ื“"ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื“ืฉ) - ื•ึผื‘ึตื™ืŸ ืงึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึทืงึณึผื“ึธืฉึดืื™ื (ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื• ืœื’. ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืฉื).

ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืงืจื "ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ" (ืžืฉื ื” ื™ื•ืžื ื ื‘ ื‘, ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ื“"ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ), ื•ืืฃ ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื™ืฉ: ื•ึฐืึตืช ื›ึธึผืœ ืงึดื™ืจื•ึนืช ื”ึทื‘ึทึผื™ึดืช ื•ื’ื•' ืžึดืœึดึผืคึฐื ึดื™ื ื•ึฐืœึทื—ึดื™ืฆื•ึนืŸ, ื•ึฐืึถืช ืงึทืจึฐืงึทืข ื”ึทื‘ึทึผื™ึดืช ื•ื’ื•' ืœึดืคึฐื ึดื™ืžึธื” ื•ึฐืœึทื—ึดื™ืฆื•ึนืŸ (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื ื• ื›ื˜-ืœ), ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืžืœื›ื™ื ืฉื ืœ ื“"ื” ื•ืคื ื™ืžื”).

ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ืฉืืœื”

ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื ืงืจื ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื•ืœื• ื‘ืฉื ื”ื™ื›ืœ, ืฉืขืœ ืฆื“ ื”ื”ืฉืืœื” ืงืจืื• ืœื›ืœืœ ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืคืจื˜ (ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื’ ื“, ื•ืฉื ื“ ื•), ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืงืจื ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื: ืœึดื™ืจื•ึผืฉึธืืœึทโ€ื™ึดื ืชึดึผื‘ึธึผื ึถื” ื•ึฐื”ึตื™ื›ึธืœ ืชึดึผื•ึธึผืกึตื“ (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืžื“ ื›ื—), ื•ื›ืŸ: ื•ึฐื™ึดืกึฐึผื“ื•ึผ ื”ึทื‘ึนึผื ึดื™ื ืึถืช ื”ึตื™ื›ึทืœ ื”' (ืขื–ืจื ื’ ื™), ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื™ื: ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืžืื” ืขืœ ืžืื” (ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื“ ื•, ื•ืฉื ื” ื).

ืžื™ื“ืชื• ื•ื›ืชืœื™ื•

ืื•ืจื›ื•

ืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื™ื“ืชื• ืžืžื–ืจื— ืœืžืขืจื‘, ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืืžื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐืึทืจึฐื‘ึธึผืขึดื™ื ื‘ึธึผืึทืžึธึผื” ื”ึธื™ึธื” ื”ึทื‘ึธึผื™ึดืช ื”ื•ึผื ื”ึทื”ึตื™ื›ึธืœ ืœึดืคึฐื ึธื™ (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื ื• ื™ื–).

ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืืžื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ื—ืœืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ (ื™ื•ืžื ื ื‘ ื, ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ื“"ื” ืงื—ืฉื™ื‘); ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืกืชืคืงื• ืื ืขื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื”ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืงื“ืฉื™ื, ืฉืขื‘ื™ื• ืืžื” (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืืžื” ื˜ืจืงืกื™ืŸ), ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืืžื”, ืื• ืฉื›ื•ืชืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ (ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื›ืœืื™ื ื— ื“, ื•ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื“ ื‘).

ืืฃ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื›ืœ, ืžืžื–ืจื— ืœืžืขืจื‘ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ ื’ ื“), ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืืžื” (ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื“ ื–; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื ื“), ื•ืขืฉื• ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืืžื” ืชืžื™ืžื•ืช, ืืฃ ืœื“ืขื” ืฉื ืกืชืคืงื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืกืคืง ืฉืžื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ืœืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืืžื”, ืืœื ืฉื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืืžื” ื™ืชืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืงื“ืฉื™ื, ื•ืฉืชื™ ืคืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืงื“ืฉื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืืžื” ื”ื™ืชืจื” (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื ื‘).

ืืฃ ืืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืฉืœืขืชื™ื“, ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืืžื” (ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืžื ื‘)[2].

ืจื•ื—ื‘ื•

ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ, ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœื“ืจื•ื (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื), ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืืžื” (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื ื• ื‘), ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ (ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื“ ื–; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื ื”), ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ (ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืžื ื‘).

ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื ืœืžื“ ืžื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉื›ืŸ: ื•ึฐื›ึตืŸ ืชึทึผืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึผ (ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื” ื˜), ืฉื›ืฉื ืฉื‘ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ืื•ืจืš, ืฉืืจื›ื• ืฉืœืฉื™ื ื•ืจื—ื‘ื• ืขืฉืจ, ื›ืš ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื—ืก ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืื•ืจืš, ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืืจื›ื•, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืงื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืืจื›ื• ืขืฉืจื™ื, ืฉืฉื™ื, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืจื—ื‘ื• ืขืฉืจื™ื (ืงืจื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื“).

ื’ื•ื‘ื”ื•

ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืขื“ ืงื™ืจื•ื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื” (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื), ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœืฉื™ื ืืžื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึผืฉึฐืืœึนืฉึดืื™ื ืึทืžึธึผื” ืงื•ึนืžึธืชื•ึน (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื ื• ื‘), ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืืจื›ื• ื•ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืจื—ื‘ื• (ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ืฆื— ื‘).

ื•ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื ืœืžื“ื• ืžืงื“ืฉ ืžืžืฉื›ืŸ, ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื”ื• ืืœื ืขืฉืจ ืืžื•ืช, ืฉื›ืš ื”ื™ื• ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ 'ื•ื›ืŸ ืชืขืฉื• ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช' ืœื ื ืืžืจ ืืœื ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืจืš ื•ื”ืจื•ื—ื‘ (ืงืจื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืฉื).

ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื”ื• ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืืžื” (ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื“ ื•), ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘: ื’ึธึผื“ื•ึนืœ ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ื›ึฐึผื‘ื•ึนื“ ื”ึทื‘ึทึผื™ึดืช ื”ึทื–ึถึผื” ื”ึธืึทื—ึฒืจื•ึนืŸ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึธืจึดืืฉืื•ึนืŸ (ื—ื’ื™ ื‘ ื˜), ื•ืคื™ืจืฉื• ื‘ื‘ื ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื’ื‘ื”ื• (ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ื’ ื). ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื”ึทื›ึนึผืœ ื‘ึดึผื›ึฐืชึธื‘ ืžึดื™ึทึผื“ ื”' ืขึธืœึทื™ ื”ึดืฉึฐื‚ื›ึดึผื™ืœ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื›ื— ื™ื˜), ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืขืœ ืคื™ ื ื‘ื™ื ืฉืืžืจ ืœื”ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื•ื›ื•' (ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื™ื•ืžื ื ื ื‘ ื“"ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“).

ื”ื˜ืขื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื”, ืœืคื™ ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ืžืคืกืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืœืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืงื“ืฉื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื“ื• ืืจื›ื• ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืจื—ื‘ื• ืขืฉืจื™ื, ื•ื ืžืฆื ื—ืฆื™ ืืจื›ื• ื•ืจื—ื‘ื• ืฉืœืฉื™ื, ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื•ืžืชื•, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืžืคืกืงืช, ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื•ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืงื“ืฉื™ื ื›ืื—ื“ (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืืžื” ื˜ืจืงืกื™ืŸ), ื ืžืฆื ืืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืงื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ืจื—ื‘ื• ืขืฉืจื™ื, ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืืจื›ื• ื•ืจื—ื‘ื• ืืจื‘ืขื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืš ืงื•ืžืชื• (ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ืœืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ื• ื“).

ื›ืชืœื™ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ

ื›ืชืœื™ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ, ืžืŸ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ื, ืฉืฉ ืืžื•ืช (ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื“ ื–), ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื:

  • ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื™ื“ืช ืขื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ืขื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืคื ื•ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื•ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื”ืกืžื•ืš ืœื•, ื•ืืฃ ื”ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืชืœื™ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื• ืฉืฉื”, ื–ื” ืœืคื ื™ื ืžื–ื”, ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื—ืžืฉื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืคื ื•ื™ื™ื, ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ืชืื™ื (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•), ื•ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืชืœื™ื ืขื ื”ืชืื™ื - ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื›ืชืœื™ ื”ืื•ืœื ื•ื”ื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ื™ื ื ืœื›ื•ืชืœื™ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ - ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืืžื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ื•ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืืžื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื (ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื“ ื”).
  • ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื™ื” ืฉืฉ ืืžื•ืช, ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื—ืœืœ ืฉืœืื—ืจื™ื•, ืืœื ืฉืžื’ืจืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื›ืชืœื™ื ืœืฆื“ ื—ื•ืฅ, ื•ืฉืฉ ืืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืข, ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืชื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื˜ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื‘ื™ื• ืฉื‘ืข ื•ืœืžืขืœื” ื—ืžืฉ, ืื• ืœืžื˜ื” ืฉืฉ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื•ืœืžืขืœื” ื—ืžืฉ ื•ื—ืฆื™ (ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ืกื ื ื“"ื” ื•ื”ืชื).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืืฃ ืฉืขื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื™ื” ืฉืฉ ืืžื•ืช, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื˜ื” ืœืœืžืขืœื”, ืืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื‘ื™ื• ืฉืฉ ืืžื•ืช (ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื™ื•ืžื ื ื‘ ื ื“"ื” ื›ื•ืชืœ, ื‘ืฉื ืจ"ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ)[3].

ืขื•ื‘ื™ ื›ื•ืชืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืฉืขืจ, ืฉืฉ ืืžื•ืช (ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื“ ื–; ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื“ ื“), ืืฃ ืœืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื›ืชืœื™ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ื“ืจื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฉืฉ ืืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื”, ื‘ื›ื•ืชืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™, ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื• ืชืื™ื - ืœืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืŸ (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืชืื™ื) - ื”ื™ื” ืขื‘ื™ื• ืฉืฉ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืœืžืขืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืœืžื˜ื” (ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ืฉื)[4].

ื—ื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ

ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืชื•ื‘: ื•ึทื™ึดึผื‘ึถืŸ ืึถืช ืงึดื™ืจื•ึนืช ื”ึทื‘ึทึผื™ึดืช ืžึดื‘ึทึผื™ึฐืชึธื” ื‘ึฐึผืฆึทืœึฐืขื•ึนืช ืึฒืจึธื–ึดื™ื (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื ื• ื˜ื•), ืฉื”ื™ื• ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืืจื– ืืฆืœ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ื•ื— ืขืœื™ื• ื–ื”ื‘, ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื˜ื•ื— ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ืขืฆื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืกืžืจื•ืช (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื), ื•ืื•ืชื ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืืจื–ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืงืœื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ืงืœื™ืขื•ืช ื•ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื›ืคืชื•ืจื™ื ื•ืคื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฆื™ืฆื™ื, ืฉื”ื ื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ืคืจื—ื™ื (ืžืœื›ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื—, ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื), ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ืคื” ื›ื•ืœื• ื–ื”ื‘, ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘: ื•ึฐืึถืช ื›ึธึผืœ ื”ึทื‘ึทึผื™ึดืช ืฆึดืคึธึผื” ื–ึธื”ึธื‘, ืขึทื“ ืชึนึผื ื›ึธึผืœ ื”ึทื‘ึธึผื™ึดืช (ืžืœื›ื™ื ืฉื ื›ื‘), ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื“ืœืชื•ืช (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ื™ื‘ ื“).

ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื–ื”ื‘, ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืื—ืจ ื”ื“ืœืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ (ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื“ ื; ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ืฉื), ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื ืคืชื—ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืื—ืจ ื”ื“ืœืชื•ืช, ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื“ืœืชื•ืช (ื‘ืจื˜ื ื•ืจื ืฉื). ื•ืืžืจื• ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ืžื™ื ืžื•ืขื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉื• ืืช ืขื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื“ืฉื™ื ืœืฉืžื™ื, ืขื“ ืฉื—ื™ืคื• ืืช ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื›ื•ืœื• ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉื”ืŸ ืืžื” ืขืœ ืืžื” ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ ื“ื™ื ืจ ื–ื”ื‘, ื•ืœืจื’ืœ ื”ื™ื• ืžืงืคืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ ืžืขืœื” ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืœื™ ืจื’ืœื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืžืœืื›ืชื ื ืื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ื“ื•ืคื™ (ืคืกื—ื™ื ื ื– ื).

ืœื™ื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ

ืžืœื‘ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืคืขื ื‘ืฉื ื”, ืžืคืกื— ืœืคืกื— (ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื’ ื“; ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื“ ื™ื’).

ื”ืœื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื“ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื”ื” - ื›ื”ื” - ืžืœื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆืžืจ ื ืงื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ืฉ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืžื•, ื•ืœื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงืจื•ื ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื“ื™ื”ื” ืžืœื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื“ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ (ืจืžื‘"ื ื˜ื•ืžืืช ืฆืจืขืช ื ื‘, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื” ื‘ - ื• ื‘)[5].

ืงืจืงืข, ืชืงืจื” ื•ืขืœื™ื”

ืงืจืงืข ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ

ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ืงืจืงืข ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ื–ื”ื‘ (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื ื• ื˜ื•,ืœ), ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ืจืฆืคืช ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื›ื•ืœื” ืžืื‘ื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื™ื•ืžื ืžื’ ื‘ ื“"ื” ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ื‘ื“, ื•ืกื•ื˜ื” ื˜ื• ื‘ ื“"ื” ื˜ื‘ืขืช) ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœืื•ืช ืžืกื•ื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ื“ื™ื (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื™ื•ืžื ืฉื). ืžื™ืžื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ื ืก ืœื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืืžื” ืขืœ ืืžื” ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืืจ ื”ืจืฆืคื”, ื•ื˜ื‘ืœื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื, ื•ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ื” ืœืื—ื–ื” ื•ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ื”ื” ื‘ื”, ื•ืžืชื—ืชื™ื” ืขืคืจ, ื•ืžืฉื ืœืงื—ื• ืขืคืจ ื”ืกื•ื˜ื” (ืžืฉื ื” ืกื•ื˜ื” ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืกื•ื˜ื” ื’ ื™).

ื–ื•ื™ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข

ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื ื—ืœืงื• ืื ืงืจืงืข ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืฉื•ืคืขืช, ื•ืœืฆื“ ืžืขืจื‘ ืžื’ื‘ื™ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืฆื˜ ื ื“"ื” ื›ืชืœืžื™ื“); ืื• ืฉื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ืœื• ื‘ืฉื•ื” (ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื• ื“).

ืชืงืจืช ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ

ืชืงืจืช ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ, ื”ืžืคืกืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื” ืฉืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ื•, ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ืžืฉ ืืžื•ืช: ืืžื” ื›ื™ื•ืจ, ืืžืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื“ืœืคื”, ืืžื” ืชืงืจื”, ื•ืืžื” ืžืขื–ื™ื‘ื” (ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื“ ื•; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื ื“ ื’). ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื:

  • ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืชืงืจื” ื›ืคื•ืœื” ื”ื™ืชื”, ืงื™ืจื•ื™ ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืงื™ืจื•ื™ ืœืžื˜ื” ื•ื—ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื ื”ื•ื’ ืืฆืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช (ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื; ื›ืกืฃ ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื, ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื; ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื).
  • ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื” ืชืงืจื” ืื—ืช ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื (ืจืื‘"ื“ ื•ืจื"ืฉ ืฉื).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉืชื™ ืชืงืจื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื (ื‘ืจื˜ื ื•ืจื ืฉื).

ื›ื™ื•ืจ

ื”ื›ื™ื•ืจ, ืžื”ื•ืชื• ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื–ื•:

  • ืœืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ ืงื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื”ืชืงืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”, ืœืขื›ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื ื•ื˜ืคื™ื ืžื”ืชืงืจื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืœืœ ืฉืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื›ื™ื•ืจ, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืงืจื ื›ื™ื•ืจ (ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืจืžื‘"ื, ื•ื›ืกืฃ ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื).
  • ืœืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืœ ืฉื, ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื”ืงื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”, ื•ืขืœ ืฉื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืจ ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื ืื™ื ื ืงืจื ื›ื™ื•ืจ (ื‘ืจื˜ื ื•ืจื ืฉื), ื•ื ืจืื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ (ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื).

ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื™ื•ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชืงืจื”, ืืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื•ืชืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ื˜ื™ื— ื—ื–ืง ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื•ื“, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื ืกื• ื”ืžื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“ ืžื’ื’ื•ืช ื”ืชืื™ื (ืจืื‘"ื“ ื‘ื”ืฉื’ื•ืช ืฉื); ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฆื™ืฆื™ื ื•ืคืจื—ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื›ืชืœื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืืžื” (ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจื"ืฉ ืฉื).

ื‘ื™ืช ื“ืœืคื”

ืืฃ ืžื”ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ืœืคื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื–ื•:

  • ืœืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืงืจื•ืช, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ืœืœ, ืœื”ืชืืกืฃ ืฉื ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ืžื”ืงื™ืจื•ื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ (ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืจืžื‘"ื, ื•ื›ืกืฃ ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื; ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื).
  • ืœืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื—ืœืœ, ื‘ื™ืช ื“ืœืคื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชืงืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”, ื•ื ืงืจืื™ื ื›ืš ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื ืกืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงืจื” ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื, ื•ื“ืœืคื” ืžื•ื‘ื ื• ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืฉื›ืŸ 'ื‘ืžื—ื‘ืจืช' ืชืจื’ื•ืžื• ื‘ื™ืช ืœื•ืคื™ (ืื•ื ืงืœื•ืก ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื• ื“), ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื ื˜ืคื— ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืชื™ ืืžื•ืช, ืื• ืฉืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื• ืขื‘ื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ืืžื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ื”ืชืงืจื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”, ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืจืช ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื ืื™ื, ื•ืื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืงืจื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืกืžื•ื›ื” ืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš (ื‘ืจื˜ื ื•ืจื ืฉื).

ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื“ืœืคื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชืงืจื” ืืœื ื›ืžื• ืžืจื–ื‘ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื›ืชืœื™ื, ื•ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื“ืœืฃ ื”ืชืงืจื” ื•ืœืฉืคื›ื• ืœื—ื•ืฅ (ืจืื‘"ื“ ื‘ื”ืฉื’ื•ืช ืฉื ื“ ื’); ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื“ืœืคื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืœ ืฉืชื™ ืืžื•ืช, ื•ืฉื ื”ื™ื• ื˜ืกื™ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื” ืื—ื“ ืœื›ื™ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœืชืงืจื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ื•ืจ ื ืื—ื– ื‘ืชืงืจื” ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง, ื•ื ืงืจื ื“ืœืคื” ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ืœื™ืคื•ืฃ ื•ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ (ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ืฉื).

ืชืงืจื”

ื”ืชืงืจื” ื”ื™ื - ืœื“ืขืช ื›ื•ืœื - ื”ืชืงืจื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” (ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื‘ืจื˜ื ื•ืจื ืฉื), ื•ืขื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื ืกืจื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืืžื” (ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจื"ืฉ ืฉื); ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืคืจืฉ ืฉื”ื ืกืจื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื ื”ื ืืžื” (ื‘ืจื˜ื ื•ืจื ืฉื).

ืžืขื–ื™ื‘ื”

ื”ืžืขื–ื™ื‘ื” ื ื—ืœืงื• ืื ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ื“ ื•ืื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืจื•ื™ (ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื), ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืœ ืกื™ื“ ื—ื–ืง (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ื’ ื‘ ื“"ื” ืื’ื‘).

ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืชืงืจื” ื•ื”ืžืขื–ื™ื‘ื”

ื”ืชืงืจื” ื•ื”ืžืขื–ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื‘ื“ ืžืฉืื ืืช ื”ื›ืชืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื˜ื• (ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ื’ ื‘).

ื”ืขืœื™ื”

ื”ืขืœื™ื”, ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืขื–ื™ื‘ื”, ื”ื™ืชื” ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืืžื” (ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื“ ื•; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื ื“ ื’).

ื›ืฉื ืฉื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื• ืฉืชื™ ืคืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืงื“ืฉื™ื, ื›ืš ื”ื™ื• ืฉืชื™ ืคืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืงื“ืฉื™ื (ื™ื•ืžื ื ื“ ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื– ื™ื–).

ืžืœื‘ื“ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื• ืจืืฉื™ ืคืกืคืกื™ื - ืจืืฉื™ ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื (ื‘ืจื˜ื ื•ืจื ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ ื•)[6] - ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืงื“ืฉื™ื (ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื“ ื”; ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื™ื•ืžื ื” ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื“ ื™ื’)[7].

ื›ืฉื ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืงื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื•ืœื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืœืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืงื“ืฉื™ื, ื›ืš ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ืช ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืœื•ืœื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ืœ, ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ื‘ื”ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืžื ื™ื ื‘ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ, ืฉืœื ื™ื–ื•ื ื• ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ (ืžืฉื ื” ืœืžืœืš ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื– ื›ื’, ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื); ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืกืชืคืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ (ืฆืœ"ื— ืคืกื—ื™ื ืคื• ื).

ืžืกื‘ื”

ื•ืžืกื‘ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื•ืœื” ืžืงืจืŸ ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืœืงืจืŸ ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ื’ื•ืช ื”ืชืื™ื (ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื“ ื”; ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื“ ื™ื‘).

ืžืกื‘ื” ื–ื• ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื”:

  • ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืžื“ืจื’ื” ื—ืœืงื” (ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจื"ืฉ ืฉื) ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืข ื›ื›ื‘ืฉ ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—, ื•ื ืงืจืืช ืžืกื‘ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื‘ื‘ ื•ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื’ื’ ื”ืชืื™ื ื•ืœืขืœื™ื” ื•ืœื’ื’ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ (ืชืคืืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื).
  • ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืขืžื•ื“ ื—ืœื•ืœ ืขืฉื•ื™ ื›ืžื• ืžืขืœื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘, ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื• ืขื•ืœื” ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืงืฃ (ื›ืกืฃ ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจืฉ"ื™ ื™ื•ืžื ื™ื˜ ื).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืœื” ื•ืžืขืจื” (ื‘ืจื˜ื ื•ืจื ืฉื).

ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืกื‘ื” ื•ืคื ื™ื• ืœืžืขืจื‘, ื”ืœืš ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืขื“ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžืขืจื‘, ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืคืš ืคื ื™ื• ืœื“ืจื•ื, ื”ืœืš ื›ืœ ืคื ื™ ืžืขืจื‘ - ืขืœ ื’ื’ื•ืช ื”ืชืื™ื (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•. ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ืฉื) - ืขื“ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœื“ืจื•ื, ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื“ืจื•ื ื•ื”ืคืš ืคื ื™ื• ืœืžื–ืจื—, ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ืœืš ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืขื“ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœืคืชื—ื” ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื” (ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื).

ืคืชื— ื”ืขืœื™ื”

ืคืชื— ื”ืขืœื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคืชื•ื— ื›ืœืคื™ ื“ืจื•ื (ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื“ ื—), ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืขืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืขืœ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืงื“ืฉื™ื (ืจ"ืฉ ืฉื), ื•ื‘ื• ืฉืชื™ ื›ืœื•ื ืกืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื–, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ื’ื” ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื” (ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ื ื“ ื™ื’), ืื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื•ื ืกืื•ืช (ื”ืžืคืจืฉ ืฉื), ืื• ืฉื‘ื›ืœื•ื ืกืื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื—ืงื•ืง ืžืงื•ื ืœืžืขืžื“ ืจื’ืœ ืœืขืœื•ืช ื•ืœืจื“ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ (ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจื"ืฉ ืฉื).

ื›ืœื•ื ืกืื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉื‘ืคืชื— ื”ืขืœื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื (ืจ"ืฉ ืฉื); ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ (ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจื"ืฉ ืฉื).

ืžืขืœ ืœืขืœื™ื”

ืขืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืืžื” ื›ื™ื•ืจ, ื•ืฉืชื™ ืืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื“ืœืคื”, ื•ืืžื” ืชืงืจื”, ื•ืืžื” ืžืขื–ื™ื‘ื” (ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื ื“ ื’), ื•ืžืขืงื” ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ื’, ืฉืœืฉ ืืžื•ืช ื’ื•ื‘ื”ื•, ื•ืืžื” ืื—ืช ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื›ืœื” ืขื•ืจื‘ (ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื)[8].

ืžืงื•ืจ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืžืขืงื”

ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืžืขืงื” ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื ืœืžื“ ืžื”ื›ืชื•ื‘: ื›ึดึผื™ ืชึดื‘ึฐื ึถื” ื‘ึทึผื™ึดืช ื—ึธื“ึธืฉื ื•ื’ื•' (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื‘ ื—), ืฉื“ืจืฉื• ืื•ืชื•: "ื‘ื™ืช" ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื›ืœ (ืกืคืจื™ ื›ื™ ืชืฆื ืจื›ื˜). ื”ืžืขืงื” ื”ื™ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื’ื’ ื”ืžืขื–ื™ื‘ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืืจ ื”ื’ื’ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืคืข ื•ืขื•ืœื” ืขื“ ืœืฉื•ื” ื’ื•ื‘ื”ื• ืฉืœ ืžืขืงื” (ืจ"ืฉ ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื), ื•ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืฉื™ืคื•ืขื• ืฉืœ ื’ื’ ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื˜ ื•ื ื•ื— ืœื”ืœื•ืš ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื•ืฆืจื›ื• ืœืžืขืงื” (ืขื–ืจืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืฉื).

ืžื”ื•ืช ื›ืœื” ืขื•ืจื‘

ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื” ืขื•ืจื‘:

  • ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืจื” - ื“ื—ืœื™ืœ - ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ ื–ืจืขื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื— ื”ืขื•ืคื•ืช ืžื’ื’ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ, ืฉืœื ื™ืฉืœื™ื›ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ืžื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื’ (ืขืจื•ืš, ื›ืœ ื‘; ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืงื– ื ื“"ื” ื›ืœื™ื”, ื•ืขืจื›ื™ืŸ ื• ื ื“"ื” ื›ื’ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืฉืžื•).
  • ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื˜ื‘ืœืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ื•ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžืกืžืจื•ืช ื—ื“ื™ื (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื‘ืช ืฆ ื ื“"ื” ืœื›ืœื™ื, ื•ืžื•ืขื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ื˜ ื ื“"ื” ืืžื”, ื•ืขื•ื“; ืจื"ืฉ ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื).
  • ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื˜ืก ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื›ืžื• ืกื™ื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืขืงื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื ื•ื—ื• ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืขื•ืคื•ืช (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื, ื•ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื; ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืงื– ื ื“"ื” ื›ืœื™ื”, ื‘ืฉื ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ), ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื ื—ืชื›ื™ื ืจื’ืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืกื™ื™ืฃ (ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฉืคื•ื“ื™ื ื ืขื•ืฆื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ืขืœื• (ืจ"ืฉ ื•ืžืื™ืจื™ ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื).

ืžืงื•ื ื›ืœื” ืขื•ืจื‘

ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื›ืœื” ืขื•ืจื‘ ื ื—ืœืงื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื:

  • ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืงื” (ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉื, ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื; ืจ"ืฉ ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื).
  • ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ื’ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื, ื•ืžื•ืขื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื), ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืงืฆืจ ื•ืขื•ืœื” ืขื“ ื›ืืžื” (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืžื•ืขื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ื”ื, ื”ืžืขืงื” ื•ื”ื’ื’ (ืจื"ืฉ ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื).

ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ

ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ื—ืœืงื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื›ืœื” ืขื•ืจื‘ (ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช ืฆ ื ื“"ื” ืžื›ืœื™ื, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื•ืขื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ื˜ ื); ืื• ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื• ื›ืœื” ืขื•ืจื‘, ืฉืžืคื ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ืš, ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืฉืจื•ื™ื” ื‘ื•, ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืคื•ืช ืคื•ืจื—ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• (ืขืจื•ืš, ื›ืœ ื‘; ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื, ื•ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืงื– ื ื“"ื” ื›ืœื™ื”, ื•ืขืจื›ื™ืŸ ื• ื ื“"ื” ื›ื’ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืฉืžื•)[9].

ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื›ื•ืœื•

ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื›ืœื• - ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืื•ื˜ื) ื•ื”ื—ืœืœ ื•ื”ืชืงืจื” ื•ื”ืขืœื™ื” ื•ืชืงืจืชื” ื•ื”ืžืขืงื” ื•ื›ืœื” ืขื•ืจื‘ - ืžืื” ืืžื” (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ).

ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืคืชื—ื™ื

ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ

ืœื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื ื• ื“), ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ:

  • ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ (ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืคื• ื‘, ืœื’ื™ืจืกืชื ื•; ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืžืœื›ื™ื ืฉื), ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื• ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•ืกืชื•ืžื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ (ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืฉื), ืฉืฉืงื•ืคื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื•ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช (ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื ืฉื); ืื• ืฉืฉืงื•ืคื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฉืงื•ืฃ, ืฉื”ืžืฉืงื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืฆืจ ืฉื‘ื—ืœื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื“"ื” ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื)[10].
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื (ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืฉื, ืœื’ื™ืจืกืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืฆืช ืฉื), ืฉืฉืงื•ืคื™ื ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื•ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ (ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื ืฉื), ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื•ืช ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ืฉืœื ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉืื“ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืฆืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื ื”ืื•ืจ ื ื›ื ืก ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ืžืื™ืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืขืฉื• ืœื”ื™ืคืš, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื ื”ืื•ืจ ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ืžืื™ืจ ืœื—ื•ืฅ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ื˜ื• ื‘; ืจืฉ"ื™ ื›ืช"ื™ ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื“"ื” ื•ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื).

ืžืงื•ื ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช

ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื’ื’ื•ืช ื”ืชืื™ื (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•) ืฉืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืขืฉืจื™ื ืืžื” (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื”ื "ืœ), ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื”ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืชืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช (ืจื™ืขื‘"ืฅ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื“ ื’; ื—ื ื•ื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืžื–).

ื‘ื›ื•ืชืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™

ืืฃ ื‘ื›ื•ืชืœ ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื›ืœ, ื”ืžืคืกื™ืง ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืœื, ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื• ื™ื“; ื‘ืจื˜ื ื•ืจื ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื’ ื—), ื•ืฉื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืขื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉื ื“ื‘ื• ืขื•ืœื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœื” (ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื)[11], ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืขื˜ืจื•ืช:

  • ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ื›ืชืจื™ื (ืจ"ืฉ ืฉื).
  • ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ื›ืคื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื”ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืจื•ืช (ืจื"ืฉ ืฉื; ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื– ื ื“"ื” ืขื˜ืจื•ืช).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืขื’ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืžื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ (ืขืจื•ืš, ืขื˜ืจ ื).

ืคืชื— ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ

ืคืชื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžื–ืจื—ื•, ื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืœื (ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ ื), ื•ื ืงืจื ืฉืขืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ (ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื“ ื‘, ื•ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื“ ื•), ืขืœ ืฉื ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ืขื•ื“ ืฉืขืจื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื, ื•ืœื ื ืงืจืื• ื›ืŸ (ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจืื‘ื™"ื”, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืžื– ื‘)[12].

ื’ื‘ื”ื• ืฉืœ ืคืชื— ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืืžื”, ื•ืจื—ื‘ื• ืขืฉืจ (ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื“ ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื ื–), ื•ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื• ืฉื•ื” ืœืื•ืœื (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•), ืืœื ืฉื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื ืงืจื ืคืชื— (ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ ื‘ ื“"ื” ืืœื).

ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื”ืคืชื—

ืืจื‘ืข ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืœืคืชื— - ืœืฉื ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช (ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ ื‘) - ืฉืชื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•ืฉืชื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ (ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื), ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืชื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื›ืœืคื™ ืคื ื™ื, ื•ืฉืชื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืฅ (ืจ"ืฉ ื•ื‘ืจื˜ื ื•ืจื ืฉื), ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึผืฉึฐืืชึทึผื™ึดื ื“ึฐึผืœึธืชื•ึนืช ืœึทื”ึตื™ื›ึธืœ ื•ึฐืœึทืงึนึผื“ึถืฉื (ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืžื ื›ื’. ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื) - ืœื”ื™ื›ืœ ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืฅ, ื•ืœืงื•ื“ืฉ ื›ืœืคื™ ืคื ื™ื (ืจ"ืฉ ืฉื), ืื• ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึผืฉึฐืืชึทึผื™ึดื ื“ึฐึผืœึธืชื•ึนืช ืœึทื“ึฐึผืœึธืชื•ึนืช (ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืฉื ื›ื“) - ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉืชื™ ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื“ืœืชื•ืช ืœืคืชื— ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืฉื).

ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ืชื ืื™ื:

  • ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื ืคืชื—ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืคื ื™ื, ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื•ืช ื ืคืชื—ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื—ืœืœ ื”ืคืชื—, ื•ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ืขื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืฉืขื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืชืœ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืฉืฉ ืืžื•ืช, ื•ืœืกื•ืฃ ืืžื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื”ื™ื• ื”ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื•ืช, ืื—ื“ ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืคืชื— ื•ืื—ื“ ืœืฉืžืืœื•, ื›ืœ ื“ืœืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื—ืžืฉ ืืžื•ืช, ื•ื›ืฉื”ื™ื• ื ืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื• ื•ืกื•ืชืžื•ืช ื—ืœืœ ื”ืคืชื— ืฉืจื—ื‘ื• ืขืฉืจ ืืžื•ืช, ื•ื›ืฉื”ื™ื• ื ืคืชื—ื•ืช ืœืฆื“ ืคื ื™ื ืžื›ืกื•ืช ื—ืžืฉ ืืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ, ื•ืฉืชื™ื ื“ืœืชื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืขื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ืœืฆื“ ืคื ื™ื, ื•ื›ืฉื ืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžื›ืกื•ืช ื—ืžืฉ ืืžื•ืช ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ื—ืžืฉ ืืžื•ืช ืžื›ืืŸ ืžืจื•ื—ื‘ ื›ื•ืชืœ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื‘ืคื ื™ื (ืชื ื ืงืžื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื, ืœืคื™ ื”ื‘ืจื˜ื ื•ืจื ืฉื), ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื ื–).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื•ืช ื ืคืชื—ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืคื ื™ื ื•ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืฅ, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืกื•ืฃ ื—ืฆื™ ืืžื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช, ืฉื›ืœ ื“ืœืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฉ ืืžื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช, ื›ืœ ืœื•ื— ืฉืชื™ ืืžื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืฆื”, ื•ื›ืฉื ืคืชื—ื” ื”ื“ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื” ืœืฆื“ ืคื ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฆื™ื” ื ื›ืคืฃ ื•ื ื›ืคืœ ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื” ื•ืžื›ืกื” ืžืขื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ืืžืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื“ืœืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื›ืฉื ืคืชื—ืช ืœืฆื“ ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ื™ืชื” ืืฃ ื”ื™ื ื ื›ืคืคืช ื•ื ื›ืคืœืช ื•ืžื›ืกื” ื”ืืžืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ืžืขื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ (ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื, ืœืคื™ ื”ื‘ืจื˜ื ื•ืจื ืฉื).

ื‘ืจื™ื— ื”ืคืชื—

ืœืฉืขืจ ื”ื™ื• ื ื’ืจ ื•ืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช - ื‘ืจื™ื— ื•ืžื ืขื•ืœื™ื (ื‘ืจื˜ื ื•ืจื ื•ืชืคืืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ื’ ื–) - ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื ืกื’ืจ (ืชืžื™ื“ ืฉื).

ืคืจื•ื›ืช ื”ืคืชื—

ืคืจื•ื›ืช - ื•ื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงื• ื ื“"ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ื‘ื™; ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื ื ื” ื‘ ื“"ื” ื”ื•ื) - ื”ื™ืชื” ืคืจื•ืกื” ืขืœ ืคืชื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืžืกื›ืช ืฉืงืœื™ื (ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ) ื’ ื™ื’; ื™ื•ืžื ื ื“ ื, ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงื• ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื– ื™ื–, ื•ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื” ื”), ืืจื›ื” ืขืฉืจื™ื ืืžื” ื•ืจื—ื‘ื” ืขืฉืจ ืืžื”, ื•ื ืืจื’ืช ืชื›ืœืช ื•ืืจื’ืžืŸ ืชื•ืœืขืช ืฉื ื™ ื•ืฉืฉ ืžืฉื–ืจ ืžืขืฉื” ืจื•ืงื (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืฉื).

ืคืจื•ื›ืช ื–ื• ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื”:

  • ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื—ื™ื˜ืช ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช, ืฉื”ืฉืขืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—, ื•ืชืœื• ืื•ืชื” ืฉืœื ื™ืกืชื›ืœื• ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจ ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ืกื’ืจื• ืืช ื”ื“ืœืชื•ืช (ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืฆืช ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื ื ื” ื‘, ื‘ืฉื ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืจื‘ื ื• ืคืจืฅ).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ื”ืช ื•ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืฉืจื™ื ื•ืจืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ื ืœื ื™ืชืขื›ื‘ื• (ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ืชืคืืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ื– ื).

ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืคืชื—

ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืคืชื— - ืฉืชื™ ืžื–ื•ื–ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืงื•ืฃ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ื”ืŸ - ื”ื™ืชื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืคืชื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื›ืœ (ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ ื‘); ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืฃ ืืžืœืชืจืื•ืช (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืืžืœืชืจื) ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื›ืžื• ืœืคืชื—ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืœื (ืจื‘ ืฉื ื’ ื, ืฉืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื™ื).

ื”ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื

ืฉื ื™ ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื - ืคืชื—ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ื‘ื ืžืฆื™ืขื ืœื’ ื ื“"ื” ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื; ืจืื‘"ื“ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื“ ื™ื) - ื”ื™ื• ืžืฆื“ื™ ืฉืขืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ (ืชืžื™ื“ ื’ ื–, ื•ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื“ ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื“ ื•), ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืขืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ืื—ื“ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื, ืžืฉืžืืœื• (ืชืžื™ื“ ื•ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื, ื•ื‘ืจื˜ื ื•ืจื ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื), ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืงืฆืช ืžื”ืฉืขืจ (ื‘ืจื˜ื ื•ืจื ืฉื).

ื”ืคืฉืคืฉ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืคืชื•ื— ืœืชื, ืฉืžืžื ื• ื™ืฉ ืคืชื— ืœื”ื™ื›ืœ (ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื), ื•ืฉื ื™ ืžื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœืคืฉืคืฉ ื–ื” (ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืจืžื‘"ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื’ ื•; ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจืื‘"ื“ ืฉื ืœื’ ื), ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื:

  • ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืชื— ืœืžื˜ื”, ื•ืื—ื“ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื™ื“ื™ื• (ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืจืžื‘"ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื’ ื•).
  • ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ (ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจืื‘"ื“ ืฉื).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืžื ืขื•ืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืคืฉืคืฉ, ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืชื ืœื”ื™ื›ืœ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ื‘ื ืžืฆื™ืขื ืฉื ื“"ื” ื•ืื—ื“ ืคื•ืชื—).

ื›ืฉื”ื•ืฆืจืš ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ืคืฉืคืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ืืฆื™ืœ ืœืคืชื—ื•, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื—ื” ืืžื” ืขื“ ืฉืœื ื™ืคืชื— (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืžื•ืขื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ื’ ื–), ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื ืคืชื— ืœืœื ื˜ื•ืจื— ื•ืžื™ื“ (ืชืžื™ื“ ืฉื).

  • ืœื“ืขื” ืฉื”ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื ืคืชื—ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืคื ื™ื (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ), ื›ืฉืคืชื— ื‘ืžืคืชื— ืืช ื”ืคืฉืคืฉ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืชื, ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืชื ื ื›ื ืก ืœื”ื™ื›ืœ, ื•ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืขื“ ื”ืฉืขืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืคื•ืชื—ื• (ืกืชื ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื ื–; ืชื ื ืงืžื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื), ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” (ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื“ ื•).
  • ื•ืœื“ืขื” ืฉื”ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื•ืช ื ืคืชื—ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืคื ื™ื ื•ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืฅ, ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืชืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ืœืš - ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื ืก ืžืŸ ื”ืชื ืœื”ื™ื›ืœ, ืืœื ืžืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื ืก ืœื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืข ื›ื•ืชืœ ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื›ืœ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ื ืก ืœืชื ื–ื”, ื•ืžื”ืœืš ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืชืœ (ื‘ืจื˜ื ื•ืจื ื•ืชืคืืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื) - ืขื“ ืฉื ืžืฆื ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉืขืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืคื•ืชื— ื“ืœืชื•ืช ืฉืขืจ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื, ื•ื“ืœืชื•ืช ืฉืขืจ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ (ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื).

ื”ืคืฉืคืฉ ืฉื‘ื“ืจื•ื

ื”ืคืฉืคืฉ ืฉื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืœื ื ื›ื ืก ื‘ื• ืื“ื ืžืขื•ืœื, ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืืžืจ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ: ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ืึตืœึทื™ ื”' ื”ึทืฉึทึผืืขึทืจ ื”ึทื–ึถึผื” ืกึธื’ื•ึผืจ ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึนื ื™ึดืคึธึผืชึตื—ึท ื•ึฐืึดื™ืฉื ืœึนื ื™ึธื‘ึนื ื‘ื•ึน ื›ึดึผื™ ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื‘ึธึผื ื‘ื•ึน ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ืกึธื’ื•ึผืจ (ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืžื“ ื‘. ืชืžื™ื“ ื’ ื–, ื•ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื), ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ื“ืขื•ืช:

  • ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื ื›ื ืกืช ื“ืจืš ืฉื ืœื”ื™ื›ืœ (ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžื”ืจื“"ืง ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืฉื).
  • ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื ื›ื ืกืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืชื— ืื• ืžืฉืืจ ืžืงื•ื, ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืคืฉืคืฉ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืชื•ื•ืขื“ ืขื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื (ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจืื‘"ื“ ืœืชืžื™ื“ ืฉื).

ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืžื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื ื ืืžืจ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืฉื; ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื ื‘); ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืฉื’ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืŸ, ื•ืืฃ ืฉื”ืฉืขืจ ื”ื™ื” ืกื’ื•ืจ, ื‘ื™ืืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ืจืš ืฉื (ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจืž"ืข ืžืคืื ื• ื’; ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื).

ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื•ืจืืฉื™ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื ืคืชื— ืฉืขืจ ื–ื” ืžืืœื™ื• (ืคืจืงื™ ื“ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ (ื”ื™ื’ืจ) ื ), ืฉื ืืžืจ: ืฉึทืืขึทืจ ื”ึถื—ึธืฆึตืจ ื”ึทืคึฐึผื ึดื™ืžึดื™ืช ื”ึทืคึนึผื ึถื” ืงึธื“ึดื™ื ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืกึธื’ื•ึผืจ ืฉึตืืฉึถืืช ื™ึฐืžึตื™ ื”ึทืžึทึผืขึฒืฉึถื‚ื” ื•ึผื‘ึฐื™ื•ึนื ื”ึทืฉึทึผืื‘ึธึผืช ื™ึดืคึธึผืชึตื—ึท ื•ึผื‘ึฐื™ื•ึนื ื”ึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื™ึดืคึธึผืชึตื—ึท (ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืžื• ื. ืจืฉ"ื™ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืฉื), ืืฃ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ (ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžืคืจืงื™ ื“ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืฉื); ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืจืง ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื (ืจื“"ืง ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืฉื; ืจื“"ืœ ืœืคืจืงื™ ื“ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืฉื).

ื•ื‘ืขืช ื”ืคืชื—ื• ื ืืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืขืจ: ื•ึผื‘ึธื ื”ึทื ึธึผืฉึดื‚ื™ื - ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื’); ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื: ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืžืฉื™ื— (ืจื“"ืง ืฉื ื’) - ื“ึถึผืจึถืšึฐ ืื•ึผืœึธื ื”ึทืฉึทึผืืขึทืจ ืžึดื—ื•ึผืฅ ื•ึฐืขึธืžึทื“ ืขึทืœ ืžึฐื–ื•ึผื–ึทืช ื”ึทืฉึทึผืืขึทืจ ื•ึฐืขึธืฉื‚ื•ึผ ื”ึทื›ึนึผื”ึฒื ึดื™ื ืึถืช ืขื•ึนืœึธืชื•ึน ื•ึฐืึถืช ืฉึฐืืœึธืžึธื™ื• ื•ึฐื”ึดืฉึฐืืชึทึผื—ึฒื•ึธื” ืขึทืœ ืžึดืคึฐืชึทึผืŸ ื”ึทืฉึทึผืืขึทืจ ื•ึฐื™ึธืฆึธื ื•ึฐื”ึทืฉึทึผืืขึทืจ ืœึนื ื™ึดืกึธึผื’ึตืจ ืขึทื“ ื”ึธืขึธืจึถื‘ (ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืฉื ื‘).

ืžืขืœ ืœืคืชื—

ืขืœ ืคืชื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืขืžื“ื” ื’ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉื ื˜ืข ื”ืžืœืš ืฉืœืžื” (ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื’ ื—), ืืฃ ื ื‘ืจืฉืช - ืžื ื•ืจื” - ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘, ืฉืขืฉืชื” ื”ื™ืœื ื™ ื”ืžืœื›ื”, ื”ื™ืชื” ืขืœ ืคืชื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื›ืœ (ืžืฉื ื” ื™ื•ืžื ืœื– ื), ื•ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื—ืžื” ื–ื•ืจื—ืช ื ื™ืฆื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืžื ื”, ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื–ืžืŸ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข (ื’ืž' ืฉื ื‘).

ื›ืœื™ื•

ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ื: ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•), ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•) ื•ืžื–ื‘ื—-ื”ื–ื”ื‘ (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•. ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื ื•), ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืžืงื•ืžื ื‘ืื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ ื ื“"ื” ืื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“), ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐืฉึทื‚ืžึฐืชึธึผ ืึถืช ื”ึทืฉึปึผืืœึฐื—ึธืŸ ืžึดื—ื•ึผืฅ ืœึทืคึธึผืจึนื›ึถืช ื•ึฐืึถืช ื”ึทืžึฐึผื ึนืจึธื” ื ึนื›ึทื— ื”ึทืฉึปึผืืœึฐื—ึธืŸ ืขึทืœ ืฆึถืœึทืข ื”ึทืžึดึผืฉึฐืื›ึธึผืŸ ืชึตึผื™ืžึธื ึธื” ื•ึฐื”ึทืฉึปึผืืœึฐื—ึธืŸ ืชึดึผืชึตึผืŸ ืขึทืœ ืฆึถืœึทืข ืฆึธืคื•ึนืŸ (ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื• ืœื”), ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืฉืœื—ืŸ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ืžื ื•ืจื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื (ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืฆื— ื‘; ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉืงืœื™ื ื• ื’; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื ื–).

ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—

ื‘ืžื–ื‘ื— ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐื ึธืชึทืชึธึผื” ืึนืชื•ึน ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ื”ึทืคึธึผืจึนื›ึถืช ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืขึทืœ ืึฒืจึนืŸ ื”ึธืขึตื“ึปืช ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ื”ึทื›ึทึผืคึนึผืจึถืช (ืฉืžื•ืช ืœ ื•), ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ, ืœืžื“ื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื™ืจืื• ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”, ื•ืœื ื™ื”ื ืžื–ื‘ื— ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืžืคืกื™ืง ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ืืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืš ืงืฆืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืฅ (ื™ื•ืžื ืœื’ ื‘) ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื–ืจื—, ืœืฆื“ ืคืชื— ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“"ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืฅ) ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื•ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืืžืฆืข (ื™ื•ืžื ืฉื) ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืจื” (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืขื”"ืช ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื• ื›ื”).

ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื ื•ืจื”

ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืš ื•ืžืจื•ื—ืง ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืชื™ ืืžื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืฆื” (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื™ื•ืžื (ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ) ื‘ ื™ื‘; ื™ื•ืžื ืฉื), ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื“ืจืš ืœืฉื ื™ ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื–ื” ืืฆืœ ื–ื” ืฉื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืขืจื•ืš ืขืœื™ื• ืืช ืœื—ื ื”ืคื ื™ื (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“"ื” ืžืฉื•ืš; ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืฆื˜ ื). ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ืžืฉื•ื›ื” ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืชื™ ืืžื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืฆื” (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื™ื•ืžื ืฉื) ื›ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ, ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื–ื” ื ื•ื›ื— ื–ื” (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื)[13].

ืžืงื•ืžื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ื™ื›ืœ

ื›ื•ืœื - ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžื–ื‘ื— - ื”ื™ื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื—ืฆื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืœืคื ื™ื (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื™ื•ืžื ืฉื), ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืืฃ ื‘ืื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืžืฉื›ืŸ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืขื”"ืช ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื• ืœื”). ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื ื•ืจื”: ืžึดื—ื•ึผืฅ ืœึฐืคึธืจึนื›ึถืช ื”ึธืขึตื“ึปืช (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื“ ื’) ืžื” ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึทื™ึธึผืฉึถื‚ื ืึถืช ื”ึทืžึฐึผื ึนืจึธื” ื‘ึฐึผืึนื”ึถืœ ืžื•ึนืขึตื“ ื ึนื›ึทื— ื”ึทืฉึปึผืืœึฐื—ึธืŸ (ืฉืžื•ืช ืž ื›ื“), ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ืกืžื•ื›ื” ืœืคืจื•ื›ืช ืื ืกืžื•ื›ื” ืœืคืชื—, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืคืจื•ื›ืช ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ื‘ืื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“, ืžืœืžื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืกืžื•ืš ืœืคืจื•ื›ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืคืชื— (ืชื•ืจืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืืžื•ืจ ืคืจืฉื” ื™ื’ ื—).

ื•ืžื–ื‘ื— ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืœืง ืืช ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื•ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื• (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉืงืœื™ื ื• ื’) ื›ื ื’ื“ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ ืืจื•ืŸ (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•. ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื™ื•ืžื ืฉื).

ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื” ืฉืœืžื”

ืขืฉืจื” ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช ื•ืขืฉืจ ื”ืžื ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื” ืฉืœืžื” (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืฉืœื—ืŸ ื•ืขืจืš ืžื ื•ืจื”) ืืฃ ื”ื ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ, ื—ืžืฉ ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืžืฉ ืžืฉืžืืœ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ ื“ ื•-ื–), ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืžืฉืžืืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื•ืฉืœ ืžื ื•ืจื” ืฉืขืฉื” ืžืฉื”, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžื ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื•ื, ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืžื—ืฆื™ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื•ืœืคื ื™ื (ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืฆื— ื‘; ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉืงืœื™ื ืฉื), ื•ืื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืœืฆื“ ื”ืคืชื— (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“"ื” ืชื ื™ ื—ื“ื).

ืขืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื

ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื ื—ืœืงื• ืชื ืื™ื ืื ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืžื–ืจื— ืœืžืขืจื‘ (ืกืชื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืฆื• ื, ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ื“"ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ื; ืจื‘ื™ ืฉื ืฆื— ื‘); ืื• ืœืจื—ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœื“ืจื•ื (ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ืž' ืฉื).

ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืชื‘ื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช ืขืžื“ื• ืœืืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช (ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื’ ื™ื‘), ื•ื‘ืžื ื•ืจื” ื ื—ืœืงื• ืื ืขืžื“ื• ืœืืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช (ืจืื‘"ื“ ืฉื); ืื• ืœืจื—ื‘ื• (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื)[14].

  • ืœื”ืœื›ื” ืฉื”ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช ืขืžื“ื• ืžืžื–ืจื— ืœืžืขืจื‘ ืœื ืขืžื“ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืื—ืช, ื–ื” ืื—ืจ ื–ื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืืžื•ืช (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืฉืœื—ืŸ), ื•ื ืžืฆื ืื•ืจืš ื›ื•ืœื ืขืฉืจื™ื ืืžื”, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื›ืœ ืืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืืžื”, ืืœื ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื•ืจื” ื—ืžืฉื” ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช, ืจืืฉื• ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืฆื“ ืจืืฉื• ืฉืœ ื–ื”, ื•ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืืžื” (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื”ื "ืœ), ื•ื ืžืฆื ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉืœืฉื” ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช ืฉืœืฉ ืืžื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืœืฉื•ืจื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืคืกืง ืฉืชื™ ืืžื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ืœื•ืš ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืœืกื“ืจ ื”ืœื—ื (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ), ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืจื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”, ื•ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ื”ืจื™ ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ื›ืœ ืขืฉืจ ืืžื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืฆื”, ื•ื ืžืฆื ืฉืชื•ืคืก ื—ืฆื™ ืืžื” ืžืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืœื“ืจื•ื, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขืžื“ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื”, ืžืฉื•ืš ืœืžืขืจื‘, ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืื•ื™ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช, ื•ืื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืฉืœืžื” ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืžืฉืœ ืžืฉื”, ื›ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ืจื‘ื•, ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืคืข, ื•ืœืฆื“ ืžืขืจื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ (ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืฆื˜ ื, ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ื“"ื” ืืœื ืœืž"ื“)[15].
  • ืœืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืืจื›ื ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœื“ืจื•ื, ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืกืžื•ืš ืœื›ื•ืชืœ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™, ื•ืชืคืกื• ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืขืฉืจ ื”ืืžื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืฆื™ ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ, ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืขืฉืจ ื‘ืขืฉืจ ืื™ื ืŸ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื ืžืงืฆืช ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื˜ืคื— ืœื ื”ื™ื”, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ื›ืœื•ื, ื•ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืขืžื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช, ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื›ื•ืชืœ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืชื™ ืืžื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืฆื” (ื’ืž' ืฉื, ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ื“"ื” ื‘ืฉืœืžื), ื•ื‘ืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื” ื”ืคืกืง ืฉืชื™ ืืžื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืฆื” ืขื“ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”, ื•ืฉืชื™ ืืžื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืฆื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื–ื” ืขื“ ืœืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช (ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื ื“"ื” (ืฆื— ื‘) ืชืจื™).

ื›ื ื™ ื”ื–ื”ื‘

ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืœื™ื, ื”ื™ื• ื›ื ื™ ื–ื”ื‘ ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ, ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืžื ื™ื— ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื ืืช ืžื–ืจืงื™ ื“ื ื”ืคืจ ื•ื“ื ื”ืฉืขื™ืจ, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื”ื–ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื•ืœืคื ื™ื (ืžืฉื ื” ื™ื•ืžื ื ื’ ื‘), ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ืชื ืื™ื ืื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ ื›ื ื™ื, ืื—ื“ ืœื“ื ื”ืคืจ ื•ืื—ื“ ืœื“ื ื”ืฉืขื™ืจ (ืชื ื ืงืžื ืฉื), ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” (ืจืžื‘"ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื ื“ ื‘); ืื• ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืืœื ื›ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื ื˜ืœ ื“ื ื”ืคืจ ื•ื”ื ื™ื— ื“ื ื”ืฉืขื™ืจ (ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื).

ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืกื•ื˜ื”

ื˜ื‘ืœื ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ืคืจืฉืช-ืกื•ื˜ื” (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•) ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ื›ื•ืชืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื›ืœ, ื•ื”ื™ื ื ืจืื™ืช ืžื”ืื•ืœื, ื•ืžืžื ื” ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืกื•ื˜ื” (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืกื•ื˜ื” (ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ) ื‘ ื), ื•ื ื’ื ื–ืช ืชื—ืช ื˜ื™ืจื• - ืฆื™ืจื• (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืกื•ื˜ื” ื’ ื’) - ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื›ืœ (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืฉื ื‘), ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆื“ื“ื™ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืกื•ื˜ื” ื› ื ื“"ื” ืžื’ื™ืœืชื”).

ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ

ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืŸ:

  • ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืžืงื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ.
  • ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืžืงื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ.
  • ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื›ืœ.
  • ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ.

ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืžืงื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ

ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืฉืžืงื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืŸ:

  • ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ื ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื˜ื‘ืชื ื‘ืžื ื•ืจื”, ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ: ื›ืœื™ื•), ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืงื” ืฉื (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ื ืจื•ืช ื•ืขืจืš ื”ื˜ื‘ืช ื”ื ืจื•ืช).
  • ื”ืงื˜ืจืช ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืžื–ื‘ื— ื”ื–ื”ื‘, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื”ืงื˜ืจื”).
  • ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืœื—ื ื”ืคื ื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื–ื™ื›ื™ื ื•ืกื™ืœื•ืงื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืฉื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื‘ื–ื™ื›ื™ืŸ ื•ืขืจืš ืœื—ื ื”ืคื ื™ื).
  • ื”ื–ืืช ื“ื ื—ื˜ืื•ืช ื”ื ืฉืจืคื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืคืจื•ื›ืช ื•ืขืœ ืžื–ื‘ื— ื”ื–ื”ื‘ (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื”ื–ืื” ื)[16].

ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื›ืฉืจ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืฉื ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืœืกื“ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื—ื ื”ืคื ื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื–ื™ื›ื™ื, ืขื“ ืคืชื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื›ืœ (ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื“ ื, ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ื›ืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”)[17], ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ (ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžืจืฉ"ื™ ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ ื ื“"ื” ืจื‘ื ืŸ).

ื ืคื—ืชื” ืชืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื›ืœ - ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ื•ื’ื’ื• (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื ืž ื ื“"ื” ื ืคื—ืชื”) - ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื–ื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ื”ื–ืื”: ื‘ึฐึผืึนื”ึถืœ ืžื•ึนืขึตื“ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื“ ื–), ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื• ืื”ืœ (ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื ืฉื, ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื ื” ื›ื’), ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืจ ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืจ ืฉื ืงื˜ื•ืจืช (ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื ื ื˜ ื‘ ื“"ื” (ืฉื ื) ืขื“).

ืขื•ื“ ืฉืชื™ ืžืขืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขื•ืฉื” ื ืขืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ:

  • ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื” (ื”ื•ืŸ ืขืฉื™ืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ื– ื) ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื ืก ืœื”ื™ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื—ื•ื•ืช (ืชืžื™ื“ ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื” ื™ื), ื•ื”ืฉืชื—ื•ื•ืื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” (ืจื"ืฉ ืชืžื™ื“ ื– ื), ืื• ืฆื•ืจืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” (ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืžื ื—ื•ืช ื›ื– ื‘ ื“"ื” ืœื”ื™ื›ืœ)[18].
  • ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื‘ื™ืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืงื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื) ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืคืœืœ ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ (ืžืฉื ื” ื™ื•ืžื ื ื‘ ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื ื“ ื).

ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืžืงื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ

ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืŸ:

  • ืฉืœืžื™ื ืฉืฉื—ื˜ื ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ - ื›ืฉืจื™ื (ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื ืกื’ ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื” ื“), ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึผืฉึฐืื—ึธื˜ื•ึน ืคึถึผืชึทื— ืึนื”ึถืœ ืžื•ึนืขึตื“ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื’ ื‘), ื•ืœื ื™ื”ื ื˜ืคืœ ื—ืžื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจ (ื’ืž' ืฉื), ืฉื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืชืœื” ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืขื–ืจื” ืœืฉืœืžื™ื ื‘ืคืชื— ืื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“, ื”ืจื™ ืื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ ืขื™ืงืจ ื•ืขื–ืจื” ื˜ืคืœ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“"ื” ืฉื ืืžืจ), ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ ืœืฉื—ื•ื˜ ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื™ื“ ื ื“"ื” ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ).
  • ืžื ื—ื” ืฉืงืžืฆื” ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ - ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืœื ืชืœืื” ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืคืชื— ืื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ (ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื ื“"ื” ืฉื›ืŸ) - ื›ืฉืจื” (ื’ืž' ืฉื ืกื’ ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ื‘ ื™ื‘), ืฉื›ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ืกื™ืœื•ืง ื‘ื–ื™ื›ื™ืŸ (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•. ื’ืž' ืฉื) ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืงืžื™ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืžื ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ืงืžืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“"ื” ืฉื›ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื ื•).
  • ื”ืงื™ืคื• ื’ื•ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื–ืจื” - ื•ื™ื•ืจื™ื ื—ืฆื™ื ื•ืื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืœื™ืกื˜ืจืื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืขื–ืจื” (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“"ื” ื”ืงื™ืคื•) - ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ืœ ื•ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื ืงื“ืฉื™ ืงื“ืฉื™ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื‘ึฐึผืงึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึทืงึณึผื“ึธืฉึดืื™ื ืชึนึผืื›ึฐืœึถื ึผื•ึผ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื— ื™. ืกืคืจื™ ืงืจื— ืงื™ื–; ื’ืž' ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื ื™ ื’), ื•ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืžืข (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื ืฉื ื“"ื” ื‘ืงื“ืฉ). ื•ื”ื•ืฆืจื›ื• ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื•ืœื ืœืžื“ื ื• ืžืกื‘ืจื ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื ื˜ืคืœ ื—ืžื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจ, ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ื‘ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ (ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ), ืœืคื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืจื‘ื• (ื’ืž' ืฉื), ื•ื–ืœื–ื•ืœ ืจื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฆืจื›ื™ ืขื‘ื“ ืœืคื ื™ื•, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ื—ื•ืžืจื ืืœื ืงื•ืœื (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“"ื” ืื›ื™ืœื”)[19].

ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืžืงื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื›ืœ

ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ื–ืงื•ืงื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืŸ:

  • ืฉืœืžื™ื, ืืฃ ืฉืฉื—ื™ื˜ืชื ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขื–ืจื”, ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืคืชื— ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ, ื•ืื ืฉื—ื˜ื ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื™ืคืชื—ื• ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ - ืคืกื•ืœื™ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึผืฉึฐืื—ึธื˜ื•ึน ืคึถึผืชึทื— ืึนื”ึถืœ ืžื•ึนืขึตื“ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื’ ื‘), ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืชื•ื—, ื•ืœื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืขื•ืœ (ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื ื ื” ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื” ื”), ื•ืืฃ ื›ืฉื ืคืชื—ื• ื•ื—ื–ืจื• ื•ื ื ืขืœื• - ืคืกื•ืœื™ื (ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืขืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ ื ื“"ื” ืฉืœืžื™ื)[20].
  • ื”ื–ืื•ืช ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืคืชื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื›ืœ (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื”ื–ืื” ื).

ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ

ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืŸ:

  • ื“ื ื—ื˜ืืช ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœื”ื™ื›ืœ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื›ืคืจ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœื”ื–ื•ืช ื›ืžืขืฉื” ื—ื˜ืืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ื ืคืกืœ ื”ืงืจื‘ืŸ (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื“ื ื—ื˜ืืช).
  • ื“ื ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช, ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ืขืœ ืžื–ื‘ื— ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ, ื•ื ืชื ื• ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืขืœ ืžื–ื‘ื— ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ - ืคืกื•ืœ (ืžืฉื ื” ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื ื›ื• ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืคืกื•ืœื™ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ ื™)[21].

ืงื“ืฉื™ ื”ืงื“ืฉื™ื

ืงื“ืฉื™ ืงื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืฉื—ื™ื˜ืชื ื‘ืขื–ืจื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—, ืื ืขื‘ืจ ื•ืฉื—ื˜ื ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ, ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื”ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื ื›ืฉืจื™ื (ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื ืกื’ ื ื“"ื” ืฉื›ืŸ, ื‘ื“ืขืช ืจืฉ"ื™); ืื• ืฉื ืคืกืœื•, ืฉื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ืฉืžื—ื™ืฆืช ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืžืคืกืงืช (ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืฆืช ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื“ ื; ืงืจืŸ ืื•ืจื” ืฉื).

ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื•

ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฉืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉืžื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื–ื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื–ื•, ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ื”ืื•ืœื-ื•ืœืžื–ื‘ื— (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•) ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ-ื”ืงื“ืฉื™ื (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•. ื›ืœื™ื ื ื˜; ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื– ื›ื)[22].

ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืœื ื•ืœืžื–ื‘ื—, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืฉื ืฉืœื ืจื—ื•ืฅ ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืจื’ืœื™ื (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืจื’ืœื™ื. ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื), ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื‘ึฐึผื‘ึนืึธื ืึถืœ ืึนื”ึถืœ ืžื•ึนืขึตื“ ื™ึดืจึฐื—ึฒืฆื•ึผ ืžึทื™ึดื ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึธืžึปืชื•ึผ (ืฉืžื•ืช ืœ ื›. ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื”ื "ืœ), ืืœื ืฉื ื—ืœืงื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ืขืœ ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ื™ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื“, ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉืื™ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฉื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”; ืื• ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืืœื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื›ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื•ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืื™ื ื” ืืœื ืžืขืœื” ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื‘ื™ืืช ืžืงื“ืฉ)[23].

ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ

ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืื• ื‘ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืงื“ืฉื™ื - ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžืฉื•ื ื‘ื™ืื” ืจื™ืงื ื™ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื›ื ืก ื“ืจืš ื’ื’ื•ืช ื•ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื, ื•ืœื ื“ืจืš ืคืชื— ื”ืžื–ืจื— (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื‘ื™ืืช ืžืงื“ืฉ: ืฉืœื ื›ื“ืจืš ื‘ื™ืื”), ืื• ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” (ืžืื™ืจื™ ื™ื•ืžื ืžื“ ื) - ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ืึธื“ึธื ืœึนื ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ื‘ึฐึผืึนื”ึถืœ ืžื•ึนืขึตื“ ื‘ึฐึผื‘ึนืื•ึน ืœึฐื›ึทืคึตึผืจ ื‘ึทึผืงึนึผื“ึถืฉื ืขึทื“ ืฆึตืืชื•ึน (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื˜ื– ื™ื–). ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืคืกื•ืง ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืงื˜ืจื” ืฉื‘ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืงื“ืฉื™ื ื ืืžืจ, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืืฃ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืžืงื˜ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืคื•ืจืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ, ื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืื“ื ืขื“ ืฉื™ืฆื ื–ื” ืฉื”ืงื˜ื™ืจ ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจืช (ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืžื™ื“ื™ืŸ ื’ ื’, ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื ื“ ื‘, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืœื™ื ื ื˜), ืฉื ืืžืจ ืฉื: ืœึฐื›ึทืคึตึผืจ ื‘ึทึผืงึนึผื“ึถืฉื (ื•ื™ืงืจื ืฉื), ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืื‘ ืœื›ืœ ื›ืคืจื” ืฉื‘ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืื“ื (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื). ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืืœื ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœื›ืคืจ ื‘ืงื˜ื•ืจืช, ืžื ื™ืŸ ื›ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœื›ืคืจ ื‘ื“ืžื™ื, ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืœื•ืžืจ: ื‘ึฐึผื‘ึนืื•ึน ืœึฐื›ึทืคึตึผืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ืฉื. ืชื•ืจืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืคืจืง ื“ ื•; ื™ื•ืžื ืžื“ ื), ืฉ"ื‘ื‘ืื•" ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœื ืชื•ืœื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืืชื•, ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืงื˜ื•ืจืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžืชืŸ ื“ืžื™ื (ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืื”ืจืŸ ืฉื)[24].

ืืฃ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžืชืŸ ื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืจ-ื›ื”ืŸ-ืžืฉื™ื— (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•) ื•ืคืจ-ื”ืขืœื-ื“ื‘ืจ-ืฉืœ-ืฆื‘ื•ืจ (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•) ื•ืฉืขื™ืจื™-ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”-ื–ืจื” (ืจืื” ืขืจื›ื•) ืฉื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ืคื•ืจืฉื™ื (ื™ื•ืžื ืฉื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืžื™ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื), ืฉืœืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ืฉื•ื”, ืฉื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื ื ืืžืจ ื›ืคืจื”, ื•ืืฃ ื‘ื”ื ื ืืžืจ ื›ืคืจื” (ื’ืž' ืฉื ื‘), ืื• ืฉ"ืœื›ืคืจ ื‘ืงื“ืฉ" ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืื‘ ืœื›ืœ ื›ืคืจื” ืฉื‘ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื ืฉื ืื“ื (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื).

ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืืœื ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกืชื•, ืžื ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืืชื•, ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืœื•ืžืจ: "ืขื“ ืฆืืชื•" (ืชื•ืจืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืฉื; ื™ื•ืžื ืฉื), ืขื“ ืฉื™ืฆื ืœื’ืžืจื™ (ืžืื™ืจื™ ืฉื).

ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืืœื ื‘ืื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ืžื ื™ืŸ ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ื, ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืœื•ืžืจ: "ืœื›ืคืจ ื‘ืงื“ืฉ" (ืชื•ืจืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืฉื; ื™ื•ืžื ืฉื), ืฉ"ืงื“ืฉ" ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื ืฉื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ื (ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืื”ืจืŸ ืฉื)[25].

ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื

  1. โ†‘ ื˜, ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืž-ืกื.
  2. โ†‘ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืœื ื‘ืžื–ืจื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื›ืœ, ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืื•ืœื.
  3. โ†‘ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืขื™ื ื”ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืชืื™ื.
  4. โ†‘ ืขืœ ื›ื•ืชืœื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื˜ื, ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืื•ื˜ื; ืขืœ ื›ื•ืชืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™, ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืงื“ืฉื™ื, ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืงื“ืฉ ื”ืงื“ืฉื™ื.
  5. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืชื ืื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ: ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืŸ (ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื); ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืœื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื“ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื•ืฉืœ ืฆืžืจ ืœื‘ืŸ ื›ืื—ื“ ื”ื, ืืœื ืฉืกื™ื“ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืœื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื’ ื•ื”ืฆืžืจ ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืœื•ื‘ืŸ ืื—ืจ (ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื. ืจืื‘"ื“ ื‘ื”ืฉื’ื•ืช ืฉื).
  6. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื›ืœื•ื ืกืื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื–ืงื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืคืชื—ื” ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื” (ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ) ื”ื™ื• ื’ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื (ืจ"ืฉ ืฉื ื“ ื”, ืœื’ื™ืจืกืชื• ื‘ืžืฉื ื”).
  7. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืคืจื•ื›ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขืœื™ื” (ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื).
  8. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืœื” ืขื•ืจื‘ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ื“ื”, ืืœื ืืจื‘ืข ืืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืขืงื” (ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉื); ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืžื•ืชื• (ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื).
  9. โ†‘ ื•ื‘ื™ืืจื• ืœื“ืขื” ื–ื•, ืฉื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขืฉื” ืฉืœืžื” ื›ืœื” ืขื•ืจื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ืจื ืฉืžื ืœื ืชื”ื ืขืœื™ื• ืงื“ื•ืฉื”, ื•ื›ืฉืจืื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงื“ื•ืฉ - ื”ืกื™ืจื•ื”ื• (ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืฉื, ื•ืขืจื›ื™ืŸ ืฉื, ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืขืจื•ืš).
  10. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืคืจืฉ ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื, ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืขื ื“ืœืชื•ืช, ืฉื™ื”ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืชื•ื ื•ืœืื˜ื•ื ืื•ืชื (ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ืžืœื›ื™ื ืฉื).
  11. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืคืจืฉ ืฉื”ืขื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื›ื•ืชืœ ื”ืื•ืœื (ืจ"ืฉ ืฉื).
  12. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืคืจืฉ ืฉื ืงืจื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืคืฉืคืฉื™ื (ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ) ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื• (ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื).
  13. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ื˜ืขื ืœื”ืจื—ืงืช ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื— ื›ืฉื™ื›ื ืก ืœืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืงื“ืฉื™ื, ื•ืœื ื™ื’ืข ืœื ื‘ืžื ื•ืจื” ื•ืœื ื‘ื›ื•ืชืœ (ืžืื™ืจื™ ื™ื•ืžื ืฉื).
  14. โ†‘ ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืคืจืฉ ืฉืœื ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืืœื ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื” ืฉืœืžื”, ืื‘ืœ ืืœื• ืฉืขืฉื” ืžืฉื” ื”ื›ืœ ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืขืžื“ื• ืœืืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช (ืžืื™ืจื™ ื™ื•ืžื ื ื ื).
  15. โ†‘ ืื• ืฉืžื—ืžืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื•, ืฉืกืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืงื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืœื” (ืจืฉ"ืฉ ืฉื, ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื).
  16. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืืฃ ื”ื–ืืช ืฉืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ืจืข (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื”ื "ืœ).
  17. โ†‘ ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืงื ื‘ืฆืคื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื›ืœ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉืงืœื™ื ื• ื’, ื•ืจ"ืฉ ืกื™ืจืœื™ืื• ืฉื).
  18. โ†‘ ืขืœ ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื—ื•ื•ืช ืžื‘ืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื—ืจืช, ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื”ืฉืชื—ื•ืื”.
  19. โ†‘ ื•ืจืื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืžื ื—ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืงืคื“ ื•.
  20. โ†‘ ืœืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืงื™ื“ืฉื” ืœืฉืขืชื” ื•ืงื™ื“ืฉื” ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื (ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ), ืœื ืืžืจื• ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืžืขื›ื‘ืช ืœืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ืืœื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืคืชื— ื•ื™ืฉ ื“ืœืชื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืงื“ืฉ ืงื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื—ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื™ื›ืœ (ืจืฉื‘"ื ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื˜ื– ื), ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ื˜ืขื ืœื–ื”, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืืœื ื›ืฉื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืกื’ื•ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืจื™ ื™ืฉ ื—ืœืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ืคืชื— (ืœืงื•ื˜ื™ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื ืฉื, ื–ื‘ื— ืชื•ื“ื” ื“"ื” ืฉืœืžื™ื).
  21. โ†‘ ืื ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืคืกื•ืœ, ืื• ืฉื”ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืคืกื•ืœ ื•ืœื ื›ื™ืคืจ, ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื–ืจื™ืงื”.
  22. โ†‘ ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ืื ืžื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื“ืขืช ื”ื›ืœ (ื‘ืจื˜ื ื•ืจื ืฉื, ื‘ืฉื ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื); ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื•ื ื™ื ืืช ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืœืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช, ื•ืจืง ื”ื ืžื•ื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ืงื“ื•ืฉื•ืช (ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืจืžื‘"ื ื•ืจ"ืฉ ืฉื, ื•ื‘ืจื˜ื ื•ืจื ืฉื ื‘ืฉื ืื™ืช ื“ืžืคืจืฉื™, ื‘ื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ืฉื), ื•ืœืžื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืื—ืช-ืขืฉืจื” ืงื“ื•ืฉื•ืช (ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืจืžื‘"ื ื•ืจ"ืฉ ืฉื, ื•ื‘ืจื˜ื ื•ืจื ืฉื ื‘ืฉื ืื™ืช ื“ืžืคืจืฉื™, ื‘ื“ืขืช ืชื ื ืงืžื ืฉื).
  23. โ†‘ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืœื ืื ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื• ืฉื•ื” ืœื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ, ืื• ืฉื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ ืืฃ ืžืžื ื•, ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืื•ืœื; ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื•ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ื™ื›ืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืื” ืจื™ืงื ื™ืช, ืฉืœื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื‘ื™ืืช ืžืงื“ืฉ; ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื•ื ื•ืฉืชื•ื™ื™ ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืคืจื•ืขื™ ืจืืฉ ื•ืงืจื•ืขื™ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื—ื•ืกืจื™ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื, ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื”ื "ืœ; ืขืœ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ื™ื›ืœ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืื• ืœื”ื•ืฆืืช ื˜ื•ืžืื” ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ืฉื, ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื”ื "ืœ.
  24. โ†‘ ืื• ืฉ"ืœื›ืคืจ" ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื ื›ืคืจืช ื“ืžื™ื (ืžืœื‘ื™"ื ืฉื).
  25. โ†‘ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื” ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืœื ื•ืœืžื–ื‘ื— ื‘ืฉืขืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ, ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืœื ื•ืœืžื–ื‘ื—; ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื›ืœ, ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ; ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื‘ื“ืง ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื“ืง ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—, ืจืื” ืขืจืš ืงื“ืฉื™ ื‘ื“ืง ื”ื‘ื™ืช; ืขืœ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื’ื’ ื•ื”ืขืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ, ืจืื” ืขืจืš ื’ื’ื™ืŸ ื•ืขืœื™ื•ืช.
ืื•ื—ื–ืจ ืžืชื•ืš "https://www.yeshiva.org.il/wiki/index.php?title=ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคื“ื™ื”_ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ืช:ื”ื™ื›ืœ&oldid=158789"